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Vol. 30, Issue 1, 13-19, January 2002
Correlation of in Vivo and in Vitro Studies
Roche Pharmaceutical Global Development, Palo Alto, California
(G.H.), Nutley, New Jersey (C.O., B.L.), and Welwyn, United Kingdom
(J.B., P.W.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California (T.C., E.S.H.);
and Roche Discovery, Welwyn, United Kingdom (K.P., H.W.)
Oseltamivir is an ester prodrug of the active metabolite
[3R,4R,5S]-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate phosphate (Ro 64-0802), a potent and selective inhibitor of
neuraminidase enzyme of influenza virus. Oseltamivir is rapidly
hydrolyzed by hepatic carboxylesterases to Ro 64-0802, which is then
exclusively excreted by glomerular filtration and active tubular
secretion without further metabolism. In vivo and in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the renal drug-drug interaction potential of
oseltamivir. Crossover studies were conducted in healthy subjects in
which oral oseltamivir was administered alone and coadministered with
probenecid, cimetidine, or amoxicillin. Probenecid completely blocked
the renal secretion of Ro 64-0802, increasing systemic exposure (area
under the curve) by 2.5-fold, but no interaction was observed
with cimetidine or amoxicillin. These in vivo data show that Ro 64-0802 is secreted via an organic anion pathway, but Ro 64-0802 does not
inhibit amoxicillin renal secretion. In vitro effects of Ro 64-0802 on
the human renal organic anionic transporter 1 (hOAT1) were investigated
using novel Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with hOAT1.
Ro 64-0802 was found to be a low-efficiency substrate for hOAT1 and a
very weak inhibitor of hOAT1-mediated transport of
p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). Ro 64-0802 did not inhibit
the hOAT1-mediated transport of amoxicillin. In contrast, probenecid
effectively inhibited the transport of PAH, Ro 64-0802, and amoxicillin
via hOAT1. These in vitro observations are consistent with the in vivo
data, validating the usefulness of the in vitro system for evaluating
such drug-drug interaction. The study results demonstrate that
oseltamivir has a low drug-drug interaction potential at the renal
tubular level due to inhibition of hOAT1.
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