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Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois (S.R.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (G.K., J.T.S.), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, Delaware (S.G.), Aventis, Bridgewater, New Jersey (S.P.K.), Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut (A.S.), Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation, Ridgefield, Connecticut, (D.T.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.T.C., L. N., S.A.W.), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.W.), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (J.M.V.), Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.G., G.M.), Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E., V.F., J.M.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O.), Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio (A.R.), Sanofi-Syntelabo Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania (F.S.), Wyeth, Collegeville, Pennsylavnia (T.D.B., J.K.)
Abstract
Current regulatory guidances do not address specific study designs for in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction studies. There is a common desire by regulatory authorities and by industry sponsors to harmonize approaches, to allow for a better assessment of the significance of findings across different studies and drugs. There is also a growing consensus for the standardization of cytochrome P450 (P450) probe substrates, inhibitors and inducers and for the development of classification systems to improve the communication of risk to health care providers and to patients. While existing guidances cover mainly P450-mediated drug interactions, the importance of other mechanisms, such as transporters, has been recognized more recently, and should also be addressed. This article was prepared by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Drug Metabolism and Clinical Pharmacology Technical Working Groups and represents the current industry position. The intent is to define a minimal best practice for in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies targeted to development (not discovery support) and to define a data package that can be expected by regulatory agencies in compound registration dossiers.
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T. B. Andersson, E. Bredberg, H. Ericsson, and H. Sjoberg AN EVALUATION OF THE IN VITRO METABOLISM DATA FOR PREDICTING THE CLEARANCE AND DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION POTENTIAL OF CYP2C9 SUBSTRATES Drug Metab. Dispos., July 1, 2004; 32(7): 715 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Cai, R. W. Wang, R. W. Edom, D. C. Evans, M. Shou, A. D. Rodrigues, W. Liu, D. C. Dean, and T. A. Baillie VALIDATION OF (-)-N-3-BENZYL-PHENOBARBITAL AS A SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF CYP2C19 IN HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES Drug Metab. Dispos., June 1, 2004; 32(6): 584 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Sridar, T. C. Goosen, U. M. Kent, J. A. Williams, and P. F. Hollenberg SILYBIN INACTIVATES CYTOCHROMES P450 3A4 AND 2C9 AND INHIBITS MAJOR HEPATIC GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES Drug Metab. Dispos., June 1, 2004; 32(6): 587 - 594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Walsky and R. S. Obach VALIDATED ASSAYS FOR HUMAN CYTOCHROME P450 ACTIVITIES Drug Metab. Dispos., June 1, 2004; 32(6): 647 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. F. Frye Probing the World of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Mol. Interv., June 1, 2004; 4(3): 157 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-M. Huang and L. J. Lesko Drug-Drug, Drug-Dietary Supplement, and Drug-Citrus Fruit and Other Food Interactions: What Have We Learned? J. Clin. Pharmacol., June 1, 2004; 44(6): 559 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Stresser, M. I. Broudy, T. Ho, C. E. Cargill, A. P. Blanchard, R. Sharma, A. A. Dandeneau, J. J. Goodwin, S. D. Turner, J. C. L. Erve, et al. HIGHLY SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF HUMAN CYP3A IN VITRO BY AZAMULIN AND EVIDENCE THAT INHIBITION IS IRREVERSIBLE Drug Metab. Dispos., January 1, 2004; 32(1): 105 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Geng A METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF INHIBITION MECHANISM AND ESTIMATION OF KI IN IN VITRO ENZYME INHIBITION STUDY Drug Metab. Dispos., November 1, 2003; 31(11): 1456 - 1457. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Ito, D. Hallifax, R. S. Obach, and J. B. Houston IMPACT OF PARALLEL PATHWAYS OF DRUG ELIMINATION AND MULTIPLE CYTOCHROME P450 INVOLVEMENT ON DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS: CYP2D6 PARADIGM Drug Metab. Dispos., June 1, 2005; 33(6): 837 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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