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NONLINEAR ORAL PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE -ANTAGONIST 4-AMINO-5-(4-FLUOROPHENYL)-6,7-DIMETHOXY-2-[4-(MORPHOLINOCARBONYL)-PERHYDRO-1,4-DIAZEPIN-1-YL]QUINOLINE IN HUMANS: USE OF PRECLINICAL DATA TO RATIONALIZE CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS

Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (A.H., A.B., K.F., K.B., A.E., S.R.) and Clinical Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom (J.D.); Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Amboise Laboratories, Amboise Cedex, France (P.C.); and Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Fresnes, France (P.M.)

4-Amino-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-[4-(morpholinocarbonyl)-perhydro-1,4-diazepin-1-yl]quinoline (UK-294,315) is an antagonist of the human ₁-adrenoceptor and exhibits nonlinear oral pharmacokinetics in humans. Superproportional increases in C_max occur (220-fold, over a 1- to 50-mg dose range), area under the curve increases linearly, but time to maximum concentration decreases with dose, suggesting variation in rate but not extent of absorption. Oral absorption in humans is extensive, with only 14% of an orally administered (20 mg) radiolabeled dose excreted unchanged in the feces. In rats and dogs, UK-294,315 is partially eliminated as unchanged drug in feces (29 and 14% of an intravenous dose, respectively). Oral bioavailability is low in rats (11%) and high in dogs (71%), in keeping with systemic clearance. Fecal elimination of unchanged drug was 60% after oral administration to rats, indicating incomplete absorption in this species, whereas absorption in dogs is complete. UK-294,315 is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate (K_m, 15 µM) exhibiting polarized flux in Caco-2 cell monolayers, saturable across a concentration range of 5 to 200 µM. Furthermore, the observations in vitro occurred at similar concentrations to those estimated in the gut lumen in clinical trials (dose range, 1-100 mg). It is considered that P-gp acts as a saturable absorption barrier to UK-294,315, slowing the rate of absorption at low doses, and is responsible for the observed nonlinearity in oral disposition in humans. Rat and dog pharmacokinetic studies offered limited insight into the process(es) driving nonlinear pharmacokinetics in humans. Our current understanding of the functional effects of P-gp in the human intestine, in combination with in vitro studies at clinically relevant concentrations, has helped rationalize the clinical data for UK-294,315.

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