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Peracetylation as a Means of Enhancing in Vitro Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate

Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University, Piscataway, New Jersey (J.D.L, S.S., J.H., S.-J.K., M.-J.L., C.S.Y.); and Department of Food Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey (C.-T.H.)

(–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the widely studied catechin in green tea (Camellia sinensis). Previously, we have reported the low bioavailability of EGCG in rats and mice. As a means of improving the bioavailability of EGCG, we have prepared a peracetylated EGCG derivative (AcEGCG) and herein report its growth inhibitory activity and cellular uptake in vitro, as well as bioavailability in mice. AcEGCG exhibited enhanced growth inhibitory activity relative to EGCG in both KYSE150 human esophageal (IC₅₀ = 10 versus 20 µM) and HCT116 human colon cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 32 versus 45 µM). AcEGCG was rapidly converted to EGCG by HCT116 cells, and treatment of cells with AcEGCG resulted in a 2.8- to 30-fold greater intracellular concentration of EGCG as compared with treatment with EGCG. AcEGCG was also more potent than EGCG at inhibiting nitric oxide production (4.4-fold) and arachidonic acid release (2.0-fold) from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Intragastric administration of AcEGCG to CF-1 mice resulted in higher bioavailability compared with administration of equimolar doses of EGCG. The plasma area under the curve from 0 to infinity (AUC₀) of total EGCG was 465.0 and 194.6 [(µg/ml) · min] from the administration of AcEGCG and EGCG, respectively. The t_1/2 of EGCG was also increased following administration of AcEGCG compared with EGCG (441.0 versus 200.3 min). The AUC₀ and t_1/2 were also increased in small intestinal (2.8- and 4.3-fold, respectively) and colonic tissues (2.4- and 6.0-fold, respectively). These data suggest that acetylation represents a means of increasing the biological potency in vitro, increasing the bioavailability of EGCG in vivo, and may improve cancer-preventive activity.

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