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Taxane's Substituents at C3' Affect Its Regioselective Metabolism: Different in Vitro Metabolism of Cephalomannine and Paclitaxel

Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (J.-W.Z., G.-B.G., Y.L., X.-B.L., Y.-Y.Z., W.L., L.Y.); Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China (H.-B.X.); The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China (L.-M.W., J.S.); Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Y.-Q.H., Z.-T.W.); and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (J.-W.Z., G.-B.G., Y.-Y.Z., W.L.)

To investigate how taxane's substituents at C3' affect its metabolism, we compared the metabolism of cephalomannine and paclitaxel, a pair of analogs that differ slightly at the C3' position. After cephalomannine was incubated with human liver microsomes in an NADPH-generating system, two monohydroxylated metabolites (M1 and M2) were detected by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. C4'' (M1) and C6 (M2) were proposed as the possible hydroxylation sites, and the structure of M1 was confirmed by ¹H NMR. Chemical inhibition studies and assays with recombinant human cytochromes P450 (P450s) indicated that 4''-hydroxycephalomannine was generated predominantly by CYP3A4 and 6-hydroxycephalomannine by CYP2C8. The overall biotransformation rate between paclitaxel and cephalomannine differed slightly (184 vs. 145 pmol/min/mg), but the average ratio of metabolites hydroxylated at the C13 side chain to C6 for paclitaxel and cephalomannine varied significantly (15:85 vs. 64:36) in five human liver samples. Compared with paclitaxel, the major hydroxylation site transferred from C6 to C4'', and the main metabolizing P450 changed from CYP2C8 to CYP3A4 for cephalomannine. In the incubation system with rat or minipig liver microsomes, only 4''-hydroxycephalomannine was detected, and its formation was inhibited by CYP3A inhibitors. Molecular docking by AutoDock suggested that cephalomannine adopted an orientation in favor of 4''-hydroxylation, whereas paclitaxel adopted an orientation favoring 3'-p-hydroxylation. Kinetic studies showed that CYP3A4 catalyzed cephalomannine more efficiently than paclitaxel due to an increased V_m. Our results demonstrate that relatively minor modification of taxane at C3' has major consequence on the metabolism.

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