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Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis (M.H., K.K., H.L.G.), Laboratory of Metabolism (M.H., K.K., F.J.G.) National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (M.H., J.C.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industries, Shanghai, China (X.G., J.L.)
(Received December 12, 2002; Accepted March 25, 2003)
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract Materials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAPPENDIXReferences |
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; Birt et al.,
2001; Yang et al.,
2001 and references therein). Isoflavonoids, which include
aglycones or isoflavones and their glucosides, are generally classified as
phytoestrogens. The latter are plant-derived estrogen-like molecules. An
important isoflavonoid is genistein, which has been extensively studied and
widely publicized in the popular media for its health effects. The National
Cancer Institute is currently engaged in a clinical trial of genistein
(protocol CC#98-C-0098B) for prostate cancer prevention.
Despite the assertion that isoflavones are effective cancer prevention
agents, the understanding of the absorption mechanism and metabolic pathways
of genistein and other isoflavones is limited. For example, whether the active
ingredient in vivo is the parent compound or a metabolite has not been
established. This is a serious concern since the in vivo concentration
(nanomolar range) achieved with a normal soy diet is much lower than that
needed in vitro to achieve the reported anticancer and chemopreventive effects
of genistein, which have IC50 values in the micromolar range
(Kurzer and Xu, 1997;
Birt et al., 2001;
Yang et al., 2001;
Busby et al., 2002). It is
generally believed that the cause of this poor bioavailability is due to poor
absorption of genistein-7-glucoside (natural form of genistein in soy
products) and extensive metabolism of genistein following absorption (Xu et
al., 1994,
1995; King et al.,
1996, 1998;
Watanabe et al., 1998).
The major metabolic pathways of genistein are sulfation and glucuronidation
(King et al., 1996, 1998;
Setchell et al., 2001).
However, it is generally believed that conjugates are not active species,
although one study has shown some activity for glucuronidated genistein
(Zhang et al., 1999). Thus,
identifying phase I metabolites of genistein, characterizing its metabolic
pathways, and determining the biological activity of metabolites are of great
importance for understanding the biological functions of isoflavones.
Recently, several phase I metabolites of genistein, which are mainly
hydroxylated metabolites, have been identified in vitro and in vivo (Kulling
et al., 2000,
2001,
2002). Additionally,
formononetin and biochanin A were shown to be converted to daidzein and
genistein following oral administration to humans
(Setchell et al., 2001).
Currently, little is known about the specific
P4501 isoforms
responsible for phase I metabolism of isoflavones. A preliminary studies
published by Roberts-Kirchhoff et al.
(1999) identified the
formation of hydroxylated metabolites as a P450-catalyzed reaction. However,
much important information about phase I metabolism of isoflavones is not
available. For example, it is not known if P450 convert methylated isoflavones
such as formononetin and biochanin A to more active daidzein and genistein.
The goals of this study are to characterize the P450 isoform(s) responsible
for the hydroxylation of genistein and the O-demethylation of its
isoflavone analogs, and to determine the potential for drug-isoflavone
interactions.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAPPENDIXReferences |
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,
1997; Krausz et al.,
1997;
2001;
Yang et al., 1998), and were
used for single and combinatorial inhibitor studies. Monoclonal antibodies
used were mAb1-599-16 (against CYP1A1), mAb26-7-5 (against CYP1A2),
mAb151-45-4 (against CYP2A6), mAb49-10-20 (against CYP2B6), mAb281-1-1
(against CYP2C8), mAb1-7-4-8 (against CYP2C19), mAb 1-68-11 (against CYP2C),
mAb512-1-8 (against CYP2D6), mAb2-106-12 (against CYP2E1), and mAb3-29-9
(against CYP3A4). The control mAb was Hy Hel raised against egg lysozyme.
Other chemicals, generally reagent grade or better, were used as received.
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Microsome Incubation Experiments. A typical assay contained 25 to 50
pmol expressed P450 or 150 to 300 pmol P450 in HLM in 0.5 ml 100 mM, pH 7.5,
K2HPO4 buffer. For incubations with mAbs, 15–30
µl (10–30 µg of ascites protein) of ascites fluid was added to the
enzyme and allowed to incubate for 5 min at 37°C. Monoclonal antibody Hy
Hel, anti egg lysozyme (Gelboin et al.,
1998), was used as a control. For combinatorial antibody
inhibition studies, total protein content was kept at approximately the same
level by using appropriate amounts of mAb Hy Hel. Substrate (60 µM final
concentration, unless otherwise indicated) in 10 µl of methanol was added
with additional buffer to a final volume of 0.5 ml. The oxidative metabolism
reaction was initiated with the addition of NADPH (1 mM final concentration)
or an NADPH-regenerating system (BD Gentest Corp.). The reaction proceeded for
30 min at 37°C in a shaking water bath (100 rpm). 7-OH-coumarin (10 nmol),
used as an internal standard, was added and the metabolites were extracted
with 8 ml of CH2Cl2, which ensured >85% recovery. For
3'-OH-genistein, an additional extraction with 4 ml of
CH2Cl2 yielded >85% recovery. The recovered
metabolites were dried under a stream of nitrogen and then reconstituted with
50% methanol in water for HPLC injection.
HPLC Analysis. The metabolic samples were analyzed by HPLC using Agilent 1050 system running ChemStation software that was consisted of a quaternary pump, a diode array or variable wavelength detector and an autosampler (Agilent Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE). The metabolites were separated using a Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm x 150 mm) column (Agilent) with the following conditions: flow rate, 1 ml/min; wavelength, 260 nm; mobile phase A, acetic acid in water (pH 3.3); mobile phase B, acetonitrile; gradient, 0 to 20 min, mobile phase B 15 to 35%, linear gradient; 20 to 30 min, mobile phase B 35–45%, linear gradient. We allowed 5-min re-equilibrium time between injections. The retention time of these compounds together with their chemical structures are listed in Table 1.
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Results |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAPPENDIXReferences |
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; Kulling et al.,
2000;
2001). Additional hydroxylated
metabolites of genistein, which elutes earlier than genistein, have been
previously reported (Kulling et al.,
2000,
2001). Therefore, we did not
further pursue the identities of these minor metabolites. Instead, we focused
on the enzymatic and kinetic characterization of the P450 isoforms responsible
for the formation of the primary phase I metabolite of genistein, M1.
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Confirmation of Structures of M1. The M1 peak was purified from
HPLC, and injected into a liquid chromotographer/mass spectrometer with
atmospheric pressure ion-spray (not shown). The metabolite was found to be
either 2'-OH or 3'-OH genistein (not shown). Authentic standards
of 2'-OH-genistein and 3'-OH-genistein were synthesized (see
Appendix). Comparison of the metabolites formed using HLM with the
metabolites synthesized chemically indicated that M1 is 3'-OH genistein
and not 2'-OH genistein. An earlier study of the hydroxylation of
genistein did not show which metabolite (3'-OH genistein or 2'-OH
genistein) was formed by CYP1A2
(Roberts-Kirchhoff et al.,
1999).
Effect of mAbs on Genistein Metabolism by HLM. The contribution of
each P450 isoform was determined with a panel of well characterized inhibitory
monoclonal antibodies or mAbs (Gelboin et
al., 1999) against various human P450 isoforms
(Fig. 2). When they were added
singly, it was found that mAb 26-7-5 against CYP1A2 was the most effective
inhibitor of 3'-OH-genistein formation (p < 0.05).
Monoclonal antibodies against CYP2E1 also significantly inhibited (p
< 0.05) the formation of 3'-OH-genistein but to a lesser extent than
mAb 26-7-5 against CYP1A2 (Fig.
2). Monoclonal antibodies against CYP2C8, CYP2B6, CYP2A6, and
CYP3A4 caused minor inhibition of formation of 3'-OH-genistein, whereas
mAbs against CYP1A1, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 did not inhibit the metabolism of
genistein into 3'-OH-genistein.
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A combinatorial mAb approach was used to determine the contribution of liver P450 isoforms (Fig. 3). The results indicated that mAb against CYP1A2 inhibited metabolism by about 50% (p < 0.0005). Addition of mAb against CYP2E1 further inhibited remaining metabolism by about 50%, which represented 75% decrease when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Addition of mAb against CYP2A6 or CYP2C8 did not result in additive inhibition (p > 0.05). The addition of mAbs against both CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 further inhibited the remaining metabolism by about 36% (p < 0.05), which was 87% decrease when compared with the control. Therefore, the combinatorial addition of the four relevant mAbs inhibited metabolism of genistein to 3'-OH-genistein by 87% (p < 0.01).
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Metabolism of Genistein by Expressed Human CYP1A2. Expressed CYP1A2 formed 3'-OH-genistein as the primary metabolite formed. Formation of 3'-OH-genistein was measured as a function of time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min) at a genistein concentration of 2 µM, and the results indicated the formation was approximately linear with time for up to 60 min (not shown).
Formation of 3'-OH-Genistein via Other Expressed P450 Isoforms. We also determined the formation of 3'-OH-genistein using other expressed P450 isoforms (25–50 pmol each). Expressed CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CYP1B1 formed substantial amounts of 3'-OH-genistein (Fig. 4). Expressed CYP2D6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C19 formed small amounts of 3'-OH-genistein, whereas other expressed P450s including CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, the major P450 in the liver and intestine, did not form 3'-OH-genistein (Fig. 4).
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Correlation between HLM 1A2 Activity and Formation Rate of 3'-OH-Genistein. Further definition of the contribution of CYP1A2 in the formation of genistein metabolites was accomplished with 11 preparations of liver microsomes [HLM pool (lot 1 and lot 2), HG32, HG42, HG89, HG93, HK21, HK23, HK43, HL56, HL112 from BD Gentest Corp.] containing different CYP1A2 activities. We found a clear linear relationship (r2 = 0.92) between CYP1A2 activity of the liver microsomes and the formation rate of 3'-OH-genistein (Fig. 5). We also plotted formation rates of 3'-OH-genistein against CYP2E1, CYP2A6, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 activities. None of these activities correlated with formation rates of 3'-OH-genistein except there was a weak correlation between formation rates of 3'-OH-genistein and CYP2E1 activities (r2 = 0.23). Further studies were focused on CYP1A2-catalyzed metabolism of genistein and its isoflavone analogs.
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Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of 3'-OH-Genistein Formation by CYP1A2. We determined initial rates of 3'-OH-genistein formation at genistein concentrations of 2, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 µM using expressed CYP1A2, and found that 3'-hydroxylation of genistein was concentration-dependent with a Km value of 12.7 µM and Vmax value of 109 pmol/min/mg of protein (Fig. 6). The ratio of Vmax/Km, which represents intrinsic clearance, is 8.6 µl/min/mg of protein. The Eadie-Hofstee plot shows that the involvement of one major enzyme (linear regression generated r2 of 0.81).
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CYP1A2-Activation of Methylated Isoflavones. We determined whether CYP1A2 transform methylated isoflavones (Table 1) to genistein or daidzein through metabolic activation by CYP1A2. We used biochanin A, prunetin, formononetin, daidzein, 4',5-dimethoxyisoflavone to incubate with expressed CYP1A2. We found rapid conversion of biochanin A to genistein (see Fig. 6) and very slow formation (barely detectable but not quantifiable) of genistein from daidzein (100 µM). Prunetin (40 µM) was also rapidly converted and its rate of conversion (340 ± 47 pmol/min/mg of protein) was about 60% less than the conversion rates of biochanin A (40 µM) to genistein. At lower concentrations, the rate of conversion of prunetin to genistein (231 ± 5 pmol/min/mg of protein) was similar to that of biochanin A to genistein (202 ± 4 pmol/min/mg of protein). Formononetin was rapidly converted to daidzein and genistein, whereas 5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone was rapidly converted to the daidzein but poorly converted to genistein. The rate of conversion from formononetin (100 µM) to genistein (295 ± 27 pmol/min/mg of protein) was similar to its conversion to daidzein (393 ± 68 pmol/min/mg of protein). The latter was approximately 40% slower than the conversion rate of biochanin A to genistein but was approximately 80 times greater than the conversion rate of 5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (100 µM) to daidzein. 5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (100 µM) was mainly converted to formononetin at a rate 4 times faster than the rate of conversion from biochanin A to genistein.
HLM-Activation of Methylated Isoflavones. Biochanin A, formononetin,
and 5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone at a high concentration (100 µM each)
and at a low concentration (10 µM) were also incubated with HLM. At high
isoflavone concentration, and the rate of metabolism was found in descending
order as 5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (to formononetin) > biochanin A (to
genistein) >> 5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (to daidzein) >
formononetin (to daidzein) 
formononetin (to genistein). The only change
in the order, with comparison to using an expressed CYP1A2, was that
5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone was metabolized to daidzein faster than
formononetin to daidzein in HLM. At low isoflavone concentration, biochanin A,
prunetin, and formononetin were converted to genistein, with the rates of
conversion of 232 ± 5, 202 ± 4, and 52 ± 1 pmol/min/mg of
protein for prunetin, biochanin A, and formononetin, respectively.
Formononetin was also converted to daidzein (40 ± 2 pmol/min/mg of
protein) at a rate comparable with its conversion rate to genistein.
We then determined the rates of biochanin A conversion to genistein in a panel of nine human liver microsomes and plot them against the CYP1A2 activities supplied by the vendor (Fig. 7). The results indicated that the rates of conversion strongly correlated with the CYP1A2 activities (r2 = 0.84, Fig. 7), but weakly correlated with CYP2E1 (r2 = 0.45) and CYP2C9 (r2 = 0.34) activities (not shown). These rates of conversion did not correlate with other P450 activities supplied by the vendor (BD Gentest Corp.).
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Determination of Kinetic Parameters of CYP1A2-Catalyzed Metabolism of Biochanin A. We observed rapid conversion of biochanin A to genistein by CYP1A2. Similar to metabolism of genistein to 3'-OH-genistein, the metabolic rate of biochanin A (measured at 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 µM) into genistein was also concentration dependent with a Km value of 7.80 µM and a Vmax value of 903 pmol/min/mg of protein (Fig. 6). The ratio of Vmax/Km, which represents intrinsic clearance, is 116 µl/min/mg of protein. The Eadie-Hofstee plot shows that the involvement of one major enzyme (linear regression generated r2 of 0.89).
Interactions between CYP1A2-Catalyzed Metabolism of Genistein and Phenacetin. We determined the potential for drug interaction involving genistein and phenacetin, a typical substrate of CYP1A2. Formation rates of acetaminophen, the major metabolite produced by metabolism of phenacetin using expressed CYP1A2, was decreased in the presence of increasing concentration of genistein (Fig. 8). The IC50 value was approximately 16 µM (Fig. 8). The interaction between phenacetin and genistein is mutually inhibitive in that increasing concentration of phenacetin also inhibited hydroxylation of genistein (10 µM). At a phenacetin concentration of 10 µM, the formation rate of 3'-OH-genistein was inhibited 56 ± 5%; at 20 µM, it was inhibited 93 ± 3%; and at 40 µM, it was inhibited 96 ± 4%.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAPPENDIXReferences |
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and references therein). Recently, it has been
shown that O-demethylation and hydroxylation were viable in vivo
pathways for isoflavone activation, because less active biochanin A and
formononetin were converted into genistein and daidzein
(Setchell et al., 2001;
Kulling et al., 2002). The objectives of this study were to determine the primary P450 isoform responsible for the oxidative metabolism of isoflavones in vitro and to determine the potential for drug-isoflavone interactions. The results indicated that human liver microsomal P450 and expressed CYP1A2 were capable of metabolizing genistein into 3'-OH-genistein and converting methylated isoflavones into more biologically active genistein and daidzein. The results also indicated mutual inhibition of metabolism between genistein and phenacetin. Linear correlations between CYP1A2 activities and 3'-OH-genistein formation rates and between CYP1A2 activities and conversion rates of biochanin A to genistein using a panel of human liver microsomal samples supported this conclusion. Substantial inhibition of 3'-OH-genistein formation by specific mAbs validated the role played by P450 and CYP1A2 in the in vitro metabolism of genistein.
This study demonstrated that oxidative metabolism of genistein to
3'-OH-genistein is mainly by CYP1A2, and to a less extent by CYP2E1 in
human liver microsomes. CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 may provide a minor contribution to
its formation (Fig. 2). This
conclusion is supported by the fact that the combined use of a panel of mAb to
CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4 inhibited the formation of
3'-OH-genistein by 87% (Fig.
3). This conclusion is also supported by the fact that the
metabolism rate of genistein (into 3'-OH-genistein) correlated with the
CYP1A2 activities in the human liver microsomes
(Fig. 5). Expressed
CYP1A2-catalyzed metabolism of genistein also confirmed the hypothesis that
CYP1A2 is primarily responsible for the formation of 3'-OH-genistein,
the major phase I metabolites of genistein in human liver microsomes
(Fig. 4,
Fig. 6). Secondary role played
by CYP2E1 is also well supported in that expressed CYP2E1 formed
3'-OH-genistein, and inhibitory mAb against CYP2E1 inhibited formation
of 3'-OH-genistein. There was also a significant albeit weak correlation
between CYP2E1 activities and formation rates of 3'-OH-genistein (not
shown). In addition to CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which are poorly
expressed in human liver, may also contribute to the formation of
3'-OH-genistein in vivo and perhaps at the target sites other than
liver, but further study is necessary to confirm their roles. Roles played by
other P450 isoforms such as CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 may also need to be defined. For
example, expressed CYP2A6 also did not form 3'-OH-genistein, but
inhibitory mAb against CYP2A6 showed minor inhibition of 3'-OH-genistein
formation when used alone. In another instance, expressed 2D6 formed small
amounts of 3'-OH-genistein, but the inhibitory mAb against CYP2D6 did
not inhibit the formation of 3'-OH-genistein. Previously, these two mAbs
were shown to be specific against these two P450 isoforms with minimal cross
inhibition (Gelboin et al.,
1997,
1999). Although further studies
are needed to definitively resolve these apparent inconsistencies, it is
likely that one of the reasons is due to difference in how substrates are
presented to the enzyme. In an expressed system, isoflavone has only one P450
pathway, whereas in the HLM, multiple P450 pathways could exist for the same
isoflavone. Furthermore, in the HLM some P450 isoform may be polymorphic, and
there could be large variations in individual P450 content between different
HLM samples. The use of the mAbs as metabolism inhibitors is able to more
accurately identify and quantify the individual P450 isoforms involved in the
metabolism of isoflavones and additionally can demonstrate interindividual
difference due to polymorphism and/or P450 content variations. Therefore,
their use in the inhibition studies may provide a more accurate isoform
contribution to metabolism, compared with single expressed P450 enzyme
studies.
Further studies of the metabolism of several additional isoflavones by
CYP1A2 indicated rapid O-demethylation of biochanin A and prunetin to
genistein, of formononetin to genistein and daidzein, and of
5,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone to formononetin and daidzein, respectively.
These results suggest that CYP1A2 may be a prodrug-converting enzyme for other
less active isoflavones by metabolizing them to more active genistein and
daidzein in vivo. We then determined the kinetics of CYP1A2-catalyzed
3'-hydroxylation of genistein and O-demethylation of biochanin
A (Fig. 6). The resulting
Km value of 12.7 µM for hydroxylation of genistein was
63% higher than a Km value of 7.80 µM for
O-demethylation of biochanin A. Furthermore, the
Vmax value of 109 pmol/min/mg of protein for hydroxylation
of genistein was 12% of a Vmax value of 903 pmol/min/mg of
protein for O-demethylation of biochanin A. Taken together, the
difference in intrinsic clearance (or
Vmax/Km) value (116 versus 8.6
µl/min/mg of protein) indicates that O-demethylation of biochanin
A would be more than 10 times faster than hydroxylation of genistein at
concentrations of 5 µM or less. In other words, CYP1A2 is capable of
activating other methylated isoflavones to genistein, which suggests that
biochanin A and other isoflavones may serve as natural prodrugs of genistein.
These in vitro results are consistent with in vivo results obtained by
Setchell et al. (2001), and
with our observations that the conversion rates of biochanin A to genistein
were correlated with CYP1A2 activities in a panel of HLMs
(Fig. 7). Interestingly, a
popular product sold today as an herbal supplement called red clover extracts
contains high percentages of biochanin A and formononetin.
We determined the potential for drug-isoflavone interactions since CYP1A2
is a major P450 isoform (13% total P450) in human liver and responsible
for the metabolism of many drugs (Rendic
and DiCarlo, 1997). The results indicated that genistein is a
competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 catalyzed metabolism of phenacetin to
acetaminophen (Fig. 8), with an
IC50 value (16 µM) close to its Km value (13
µM) (Fig. 6). Furthermore,
phenacetin also inhibited the metabolism of genistein with its IC50
value (<10 µM) since 10 µM of phenacetin inhibited the metabolism of
genistein (10 µM) by more than 50%. The potential for drug-isoflavone
interaction is clearly present since the metabolism rate of phenacetin was
decreased even at the lowest genistein concentrations (e.g., 5 µM). A
genistein concentration in the low micromolar range is achievable in vivo
(Setchell et al., 2001).
Although the vast majority of the genistein is conjugated in vivo when
measured at the systemic level (Kurzer and
Xu, 1997; Setchell et al.,
2001; Yang et al.,
2001), it is entirely possible that the concentration of
unconjugated genistein during its first-pass through the liver could reach
that level. This is because genistein is rapidly absorbed and 40 to 60%
absorbed genistein may reach liver as aglycone
(Chen et al., 2003).
In conclusion, this study indicates that CYP1A2 is the main P450 isoform responsible for the formation of major phase I metabolites of genistein and for activation of methylated isoflavones to genistein and daidzein via the O-demethylation pathway. We have demonstrated the potential for drug-isoflavone interaction, but further studies are needed to show whether these interactions are pharmacokinetically relevant in vivo. The latter studies are important because many people are supplementing their diets with herbal supplements containing significant amounts of isoflavones.
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APPENDIX |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAPPENDIXReferences |
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), Helena et al.
(1999), and Nabaei-Bidhendi and
Bannerjee (1991).
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4,6-Di(methoxymethoxy)-2-hydroxyacetophenone (I). Anhydrous
potassium carbonate (61.2 g, 0.45 mol) was added to phloroacetophenone (12.6
g, 0.0875 mol) in anhydrous acetone (400 ml), followed by rapidly dropping a
solution of methoxymethyl chloride (23 ml, 0.3 mol) in acetone (70 ml). The
mixture reacted at room temperature for 2 h. After the mixture was filtered to
remove potassium carbonate, the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The
residue was loaded into a column and eluted with EtOAc-petroleum ether to
obtain white needles (12 g, 0.0517 mol, 59%). M.P.: 43–44°C;
1H NMR (DMSO-d6) 
: 13.319 (s, 1H),
6.186–6.241 (dd, 2H), 5.226, 5.297 (2s, 4H), 3.389 (2s, 6H), 2.601 (s,
3H); MS m/z 256.
3,4-Di(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (II). A mixture of
3,4-dihrdroxybenzezaldehyde(6.9 g, 0.05 mol), methoxymethyl chloride (10 ml,
0.125 mol), and potassium carbonate (31 g, 0.225 mol) in acetone (250 ml)
reacted at room temperature for 2 h. It was then worked up as above to yield
white needles (7.8 g, 0.0345 mol, 69%). M.P.: 49–50°C; 1H
NMR (DMSO-d6) : 9.868 (s, 1H), 7.265–7.672 (1s, 2dd,
3H), 5.283–5.315 (d, 4H), 3.530 (s, 6H); MS: m/z
226.
2'-Hydroxy-4',6',3,4-tetramethoxymethoxychalkone
(III). A solution of I and II (0.02 mol each) in anhydrous ethanol (10
ml) was treated by dropping of 50% potassium hydroxide (7.2 ml) in ice bath,
it was then allowed to react at room temperature for 24 h. Afterwards, the
reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and separated. The organic
layer was washed sequentially with water and saturated saline and then treated
with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After the ethyl acetate was removed, the
residue was crystallized from ethanol to yield III as yellow sheet crystals
(4.2 g, 0.0095 mol, 48%). M.P.: 91–92°C; 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) : 12.295 (s, 1H), 7.497 (m, 3H), 7.335 (m, 2H),
6.253–6.298 (d, 2H, J = 13.6), 5.252(4s, 8H), 3.423 (4s, 12H); MS:
m/z 464.
3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxyisoflavone
(IV). III (0.93 g, 0.0020 mol) in methanol (200 ml) was treated with
thallium (III) trinitrate (1.95 g, .0044 mol) with stirring at room
temperature for 4 h. Subsequently, 3 N hydrochloride (15 ml) was added to the
mixture and refluxed for 5 h. The mixture was worked up as usual to yield pale
yellow crystal (0.32 g, 0.0011, 56%). M.P.: 267–269°C (reported m.p.
270°C, Robertson and Suckling,
1949); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) : 12.972 (s,
1H), 10.768 (s, 1H), 8.972 (s, 2H), 8.258 (s, 1H), 6.809–6.829 (1s, 2m,
3H), 6.773–6.794 (2s, 2H); MS: m/z 286.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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Address correspondence to: Dr. Ming Hu, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6510. Email: minghu{at}wsu.edu
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References |
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TopAbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAPPENDIXReferences |
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