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Role of Vitamin D Receptor in the Lithocholic Acid-Mediated CYP3A Induction in Vitro and in Vivo

Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

(Received March 14, 2008; Accepted July 18, 2008)

	Abstract

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Lipophilic bile acids are suggested to be involved in the endogenous expression of CYP3A4 in human and experimental animals as ligands of nuclear receptors. To verify the nuclear receptor specificity, the bile acid-mediated induction of CYP3A4 has been studied in vitro and in vivo in the present study. Lithocholic acid (LCA) strongly enhanced the activities of the CYP3A4 reporter gene, which contained multiple nuclear receptor binding elements, in both HepG2 and LS174T cells. The introduction of small interfering RNA for human vitamin D receptor (VDR), but not for human pregnane X receptor, reduced the LCA-induced activation of the reporter gene in these cells, suggesting the major role of VDR in the LCA induction of CYP3A4. Consistently, oral administration of LCA (100 mg/kg/day for 3 days) increased Cyp3a protein levels in the intestine but not in the liver, where a negligible level of VDR mRNA is detected. The selective role of VDR was tested in mice with the adenoviral overexpression of the receptor. Oral administration of LCA had no clear influence on the CYP3A4 reporter activity in the liver of control mice. In mice with the adenovirally expressed VDR, LCA treatment (100 or 400 mg/kg/day for 3 days) resulted in the enhanced reporter activities and increased levels of Cyp3a proteins in the liver. These results indicate the selective involvement of VDR, but not pregnane X receptor, in the LCA-mediated induction of both human and mouse CYP3As in vivo.

The CYP3A4 activity is enhanced by up-regulation of CYP3A4 gene transcription. The exposure to chemicals such as rifampicin (RIF), phenobarbital, and dexamethasone increases CYP3A4 expression (Daujat et al., 1991; Schuetz et al., 1993; Kocarek et al., 1995). Nuclear receptors, mainly pregnane X receptor (PXR) (Blumberg et al., 1998; Lehmann et al., 1998), vitamin D receptor (VDR) (Schmiedlin-Ren et al., 1997; Thompson et al., 2002), and constitutive androstane receptor (Goodwin et al., 2002), are considered to mediate CYP3A4 induction. These receptors, forming a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR), up-regulate the CYP3A4 gene transcription through the binding to cis-elements of the CYP3A4 gene such as proximal PXR response element and distal nuclear receptor binding element (Goodwin et al., 1999). Furthermore, the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has also been reported to activate the CYP3A4 gene transcription (Gnerre et al., 2004).

Bile acids are biosynthesized from cholesterol in liver and circulate between liver and intestine. Major bile acids found in human body include cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid (LCA), and their conjugates. In addition, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is used as a therapeutic drug for cholestasis. These unconjugated bile acids are known to induce CYP3A4 expression in primary culture of human hepatocytes (Schuetz et al., 2001). Although these bile acids are reported to activate nuclear receptors FXR (Makishima et al., 1999), PXR (Staudinger et al., 2001; Xie et al., 2001), and VDR (Makishima et al., 2002), a mechanism by which bile acids mediate the CYP3A4 gene activation has not been fully understood.

To assess the PXR involvement in the chemical-mediated activation of the CYP3A4 gene, we have established an adenovirus vector expressing human (h) PXR-small interfering RNA (AdhPXR-siRNA) that is able to specifically knock-down the hPXR expression (Matsubara et al., 2007). The adenoviral siRNA system was successfully used to identify a potential hPXR activator causing CYP3A4 induction and to distinguish the PXR-mediated CYP3A4 gene activation from the VDR-mediated one (Matsubara et al., 2007). In addition, we have also established the in vivo reporter assay system using an adenovirus vector (Furukawa et al., 2002) to identify an hPXR activator (Matsubara et al., 2007).

In the present study, we have assessed the bile acid-mediated induction of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A expression and verified the role of PXR and VDR in the induction using the combination of adenoviral siRNA and in vivo reporter assay techniques. The results presented here indicate the possibility that LCA activates the CYP3A4 gene promoter rather selectively through VDR than PXR.

	Materials and Methods

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Materials. Restriction enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). RIF, LCA, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (VD₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Protein Assay dye reagent concentrate was purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA). Other reagents were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan) unless otherwise stated. HepG2 and LS174T cells were obtained from the Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan).

Construction of Recombinant Adenovirus. AdhVDR-siRNA: human VDR (hVDR)-specific siRNA, designed by Takara (Kyoto, Japan), was amplified by PCR with primers, 5'-CGCGTCGACGTGCCATTGAGGTCATCATTTCAAGAGAAT-3' and 5'-CGCAAGCTTAAAAAAGTGCCATTGAGGTCATCATTTCAAGAGAAT-3'. The PCR product was digested with SalI and HindIII and cloned into the same restriction sites of the pShuttle-H1 (Kamiyama et al., 2007). The construction of an adenovirus expressing hVDR-siRNA (AdhVDR-siRNA) was performed with AdEasy System (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

AdhVDR. The DNA encoding hVDR was amplified by PCR with primers, 5'-GTCGACATGGCGGCCAGCACTTCCCTGCCTGACC-3' and 5'-TCTAGATCAGGAGAGATCTCATTGCCAAACACTTCG-3', and cDNA of LS174T cells as a template. The DNA was digested with SalI and XbaI and ligated into the same restriction sites of the pShuttle-CMV (MP Biomedicals). The construction of an adenovirus expressing hVDR was performed with AdEasy System.

AdhPXR-siRNA was reported previously (Matsubara et al., 2007). A nonexpressing adenovirus (AdEmpty) was constructed form pShuttle-CMV with AdEasy System. AdLacZ (Matsubara et al., 2007) or AdEmpty was used as a control adenovirus. The titer of the recombinant adenovirus, 50% titer culture infection dose (TCID₅₀) and multiplicity of infection (MOI), were determined as reported previously (Matsubara et al., 2007).

Animal Treatment and Cell Culture. Male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA) and fed standard rodent chow (CE-2; CLEA Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and water ad libitum. Mice were injected i.v. with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (3.4 x 10⁹ TCID₅₀/mouse), AdLacZ (0.44 x 10⁹ TCID₅₀/mouse), and either AdEmpty or AdhVDR (0.44 x 10⁹ TCID₅₀/mouse). Two days after the infection, vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose/1% ethanol in saline) or LCA (50, 100, or 400 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 3 consecutive days, and the animals were killed 20 h after the last dose. Culture of HepG2 cells was performed as described previously (Furukawa et al., 2002). LS174T cells were maintained in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MP Biomedicals) supplemented with minimal essential medium nonessential amino acids (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), Antibiotic-Antimycotic (Invitrogen), and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich). Adenovirus infection was carried out as described previously (Furukawa et al., 2002). To investigate bile acid induction of CYP3A4, HepG2 and LS174T cells in a 24-well plate (2.0 x 10⁴ cells/well) were infected with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k at MOI of 50 before the treatment with various bile acids and determination of luciferase activities. To investigate the role of nuclear receptors in LCA induction of CYP3A4, cells were infected with AdhPXR-siRNA (MOI of 8.3), AdhVDR-siRNA (MOI of 5.0), or AdLacZ (control), in addition to AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (MOI of 50), where total MOI was adjusted to 100 with AdLacZ.

Determination of mRNA Levels. Total RNA was extracted from culture cells or animal tissues by the acid guanidine thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method. cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA with Ready-To-Go You-Prime First-Strand Beads (GE Healthcare, Chalfont St. Giles, UK). PXR, VDR, FXR, RXR, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA levels were determined by conventional PCR with Taq DNA polymerase (AB-gene, Epsom, Surrey, UK) and specific primers shown in Table 1. For quantitative PCR analysis, cDNA was synthesized with the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), and VDR, PXR, RXR, and GAPDH mRNA levels were determined with Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and ABI Prism 7000 (Applied Biosystems) using the primers shown in Table 1.

Immunoblot Analysis. Mouse hepatic and small intestinal microsomes were prepared according to the method reported previously (Matsubara et al., 2004), separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was immunostained with the anti-CYP3A antibody (Kawano et al., 1987) and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG, and signals were visualized with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium.

Luciferase Assay. Cell lysates and liver cytosols were prepared for luciferase assays as described previously (Matsubara et al., 2007). Luciferase activities were determined with the Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI) and Turner Designs TD-20/20 Luminometer (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Statistical Analysis. Statistical differences from the vehicle group were determined by unpaired Student's t test. Statistical significance is indicated by *, **, and *** for P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively, in figures.

	Results

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Bile Acid-Mediated Induction of CYP3A4 in HepG2 and LS174T Cells. Bile acid inducibility of CYP3A4 gene was assessed with the CYP3A4 reporter gene in human hepatoma HepG2 and human colon tumor LS174T cells. Both primary and secondary bile acids such as CA, deoxycholic acid, CDCA, UDCA, and LCA were tested in this system (Fig. 1). The strongest activations of the CYP3A4 reporter gene were detected in the presence of 10 µM LCA in both HepG2 and LS174T cells. Treatment with 100 µM UDCA also mildly increased the reporter activity in HepG2 cells. Other treatments had minor or little effects on the reporter activities. Because only LCA showed the marked activation of CYP3A4 reporter gene, we hereafter focused on the LCA-mediated induction of CYP3A4.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Bile acid-induced activation of CYP3A4 reporter gene in HepG2 and LS174T cells. HepG2 (A) or LS174T (B) cells in a 24-well plate (2.0 x 104 cells/well) were infected with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (MOI of 50) and were treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or 1 to 100 µM bile acids (only 10 µM for LCA) for 48 h, and then luciferase activities were determined as described under Materials and Methods. The activities normalized by protein concentration are expressed as ratio to those in the vehicle-treated cells. Data represent the mean ± S.D. (n = 4). DCA, deoxycholic acid.

Assessment of Nuclear Receptor Involved in the LCA-Mediated Activation of the CYP3A4 Gene in HepG2 and LS174T Cells. Dose-dependent profiles of the LCA- and RIF-mediated CYP3A4 activation in HepG2 and LS174T cells were compared (Fig. 2A). LCA-mediated activation of CYP3A4 reporter gene was detected at as low as 1 µM in LS174T cells, whereas it was only observed at over 10 µM in HepG2 cells. Moreover, a clearly higher extent of activation in LS174T cells than in HepG2 cells was detected (35.4- and 9.4-fold, respectively, at 10 µM LCA). In contrast, RIF activated the reporter gene more efficiently in HepG2 cells than in LS174T cells both at 1 and 10 µM. These results suggest a possibility that LCA mediates CYP3A4 activation through a mechanism distinct from that for RIF.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Role of VDR in the LCA-induced activation of CYP3A4 reporter gene in vitro. A, HepG2 or LS174T cells in a 24-well plate (2.0 x 104 cells/well) were infected with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (MOI of 50) and were treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or 0.001 to 10 µM LCA or RIF for 48 h, and then luciferase activities were determined as described under Materials and Methods. The activities normalized by protein concentration are expressed as ratio to those in the vehicle-treated cells. Data represent the mean ± S.D. (n = 4). B, HepG2 or LS174T cells were seeded at density of 5.0 x 104 cells/well in a six-well plate, and total RNA was prepared 4 d later. Reverse transcription-PCR was carried out with pooled RNA (n = 3) as described under Materials and Methods. C and D, HepG2 (C) or LS174T (D) cells in a 24-well plate (3.3 x 104 cells/well) were infected with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (MOI of 50) and AdhPXR-siRNA (MOI of 8.3), AdhVDR-siRNA (MOI of 5.0), or AdLacZ (control). Total MOI was adjusted to 100 with AdLacZ. Three days after the infection, the cells were treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), 10 µM RIF, 10 nM VD3, or 10 µM LCA, and luciferase activities were determined as described under Materials and Methods. The activities are expressed as ratio to those in the vehicle-treated cells. Data represent the mean ± S.D. (n = 4).

To verify the involvement of these receptors in LCA induction of CYP3A4, siRNA-expressing adenoviruses were employed. Introduction of siRNA for hPXR by AdhPXR-siRNA did not affect the LCA-mediated activation of the CYP3A4 reporter in HepG2 (Fig. 2C) and LS174T (Fig. 2D) cells, whereas it attenuated the RIF-mediated activation of the reporter. Introduction of siRNA for hVDR by AdhVDR-siRNA reduced LCA-mediated and VD₃-mediated activation of the CYP3A4 reporter both in HepG2 and LS174T cells (Fig. 2, C and D). These results suggest that VDR rather than PXR is responsible for the LCA-mediated activation of the CYP3A4 gene. To confirm the effect of AdhVDR-siRNA on the hVDR expression, nuclear receptor mRNA levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in LS174T cells infected with AdhVDR-siRNA at an MOI of 5. mRNA levels of hVDR (63 ± 5% that of control) but not hPXR and hRXR were significantly decreased in the cells 3 days after adenovirus infection (data not shown).

Influence of hVDR Expression on the LCA-Mediated Activation of the CYP3A4 Gene in Mouse Liver. To evaluate the role of VDR in the LCA-mediated CYP3A induction in vivo, mice were treated with LCA, and Cyp3a protein levels were determined in the liver and intestines. As shown in Fig. 3A, PXR mRNA levels did not differ between liver and intestine of mice, whereas VDR mRNA was only detected in intestines. Mice, treated with LCA (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days, showed increased Cyp3a protein levels in intestines but not in livers (Fig. 3B).

View larger version (42K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Role of VDR in the LCA-mediated CYP3A induction in mouse livers. A, mouse PXR, VDR, and GAPDH mRNAs in the liver and small intestine were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR as described under Materials and Methods. In lane N, PCR was carried out without cDNA solution. B, male mice (7 weeks old) were orally administered vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose/1% ethanol in saline) or LCA (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days. Mouse Cyp3a proteins were detected by immunoblot analyses as described under Materials and Methods. A portion of microsomal proteins (5 µg for liver or 30 µg for small intestine) was loaded on each lane. Bands indicated by arrows showed the same electrophoresis mobility. C–E, control group mice (AdEmpty) were infected with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (3.4 x 109 TCID50/mouse), AdEmpty (0.44 x 109 TCID50/mouse), and AdLacZ (0.44 x 109 TCID50/mouse), whereas hVDR group mice (AdhVDR) were infected with AdCYP3A4-362-7.7k (3.4 x 109 TCID50/mouse), AdhVDR (0.44 x 109 TCID50/mouse), and AdLacZ (0.44 x 109 TCID50/mouse). AdLacZ expressing β-galactosidase was used to normalize the infection efficiency. Two days after the infection, mice were orally treated with vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose/1% ethanol in saline) or LCA (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days. In C, hepatic total RNA was prepared, and cDNA was synthesized individually. hVDR and mouse GAPDH mRNAs were amplified from pooled cDNA (n = 3). In D, luciferase activities in the liver were determined and normalized by β-galactosidase activities as described under Materials and Methods. In E, mouse Cyp3a protein levels were determined by immunoblot analyses as described under Materials and Methods. The levels in vehicle-treated mice were set at 1. Columns represent the mean ± S.D. (n = 3).

	Discussion

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Nuclear receptor selectivity of bile acid-mediated CYP3A4 induction was studied with human-derived cells and in vivo in mice. Among the bile acids tested, LCA showed the most drastic enhancement of the CYP3A4 reporter activities both in HepG2 and LS174T cells (Fig. 1). LCA is known to activate PXR (Staudinger et al., 2001; Xie et al., 2001), VDR (Makishima et al., 2002), and FXR (Makishima et al., 1999). Furthermore, these nuclear receptors have been reported to mediate CYP3A induction (Schmiedlin-Ren et al., 1997; Blumberg et al., 1998; Lehmann et al., 1998; Gnerre et al., 2004). In the present study, a typical FXR ligand CDCA weakly activated the CYP3A4 reporter in HepG2 but not in LS174T cells. CA did not activate in either of the cells (Fig. 1). These data supported a minor, if any, role of FXR on the LCA-mediated induction of CYP3A4 in vivo. Thus, the possible involvement of PXR and/or VDR in the LCA-induced expression of CYP3A4 gene was further examined. Introduction of siRNA for hVDR but not for hPXR was found to drastically reduce the LCA activation of the CYP3A4 reporter gene both in HepG2 and LS174T cells (Fig. 2, C and D). The higher CYP3A4 reporter activities were detected in LS174T cells than in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that LCA distinctively activates CYP3A4 gene transcription, compared with other bile acids tested, via VDR rather than PXR, at least in culture cells.

LCA has been reported to increase liver and intestinal Cyp3a11 mRNA levels (Staudinger et al., 2001; Xie et al., 2001; Makishima et al., 2002). Both PXR and VDR are activated by LCA; thus, it remains obscure whether both PXR and VDR mediate this phenomenon in vivo. In this study, influence of LCA treatment on Cyp3a levels was determined in both small intestine and liver. Cyp3a induction was observed only in small intestine (Fig. 3B). Furthermore, no clear induction of hepatic Cyp3a was detected even after the administration of 400 mg/kg LCA. Adenoviral introduction of hVDR into mouse livers, however, evoked LCA-mediated Cyp3a induction (Fig. 3E). These results are consistent with the previous report on LCA-mediated increase of Cyp3a11 mRNA levels in small intestine of PXR-null mice (Makishima et al., 2002) and support the idea that LCA-induced Cyp3a expression in vivo is mediated selectively by VDR. In this study, we further demonstrated that the CYP3A4 reporter was activated by LCA in mouse liver only in the presence of hVDR (Fig. 3D). These results, together with the data obtained with culture cells, suggest that LCA activates intestinal CYP3A4 gene expression through VDR in humans and mice.

LCA is known as a liver toxicant in mice (Hofmann, 2004). Treatment of LCA-treated mice with a strong murine PXR activator, pregnenolone 16-carbonitrile, reversed its hepatotoxicity through the expression of LCA-metabolizing sulfotransferase St2a enzymes (Miyata et al., 2006b). These results are consistent with the idea that LCA hardly acts as a PXR ligand in mouse livers.

FXR is a possible mediator for the LCA induction of CYP3As. Recently, we have reported that LCA treatment of mice increases CDCA levels in the liver (Miyata et al., 2006a). CDCA is a strong FXR activator and is shown to enhance CYP3A4 expression in human hepatocytes (Schuetz et al., 2001). Thus, it is possible that FXR activated with CDCA increases the Cyp3a gene expression. This is, however, unlikely because FXR also increases the hepatic level of short heterodimer partner (Goodwin et al., 2000; Lu et al., 2000), which inhibits the CYP3A gene transcription (Ourlin et al., 2003). This idea is supported by our results showing that CDCA barely activated the CYP3A4 reporter gene in culture cells (Fig. 1).

Recently, LCA was reported to function as a substitute for vitamin D in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet, although its action was weaker than that of VD₃ (Nehring et al., 2007). VD₃ was reported to induce CYP3A4 expression through the c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase pathway in Caco-2 cells (Yasunami et al., 2004). Therefore, LCA may be able to stimulate the c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase pathway as in the case of VD₃. Moreover, LCA and its conjugates are known to interact with M3 muscarinic receptor (Raufman et al., 2002) and G protein-coupled plasma membrane receptor TGR5 (Kawamata et al., 2003). These factors remain to be investigated.

CYP3A4 levels are known to show large interindividual differences (Wolbold et al., 2003). In addition, hepatic CYP3A4 activities do not necessarily correlate with intestinal CYP3A4 activities within individuals (Lown et al., 1994). The exact mechanisms causing these differences have not been well understood. Our results suggest that LCA is an intestine-specific CYP3A4 inducer. Interindividual differences in the serum LCA levels in humans are reported (Campbell et al., 1975; Cowen et al., 1977). Moreover, it is reported that average serum concentrations of total bile acids in healthy subjects and hepatitis patients are 5.3 (1.1–16.4) and 44.9 (2.7–80.3) µM, respectively, and that LCA accounts for 13% (0–32%) and 18% (0–53%) of the total bile acid in healthy subjects and in hepatitis patients, respectively (Campbell et al., 1975). Because LCA undergoes enterohepatic circulation, its concentration in intestines could be high enough to activate VDR. These facts suggest that LCA is a possible factor causing interindividual differences in the CYP3A4 expression levels in intestines.

In conclusion, we have investigated the bile acid inducibility of hepatic and intestinal CYP3A4 expression and the role of PXR and VDR in the CYP3A4 induction. With combined use of the siRNA expression system and the CYP3A4 reporter gene assay, we have demonstrated that LCA can enhance the CYP3A gene expression in intestines through VDR rather than PXR. Because LCA-mediated CYP3A induction was observed in mouse livers with the ectopic expression of hVDR, our present results further suggest that the expression profile of transcription factors is a major determinant for the tissue dependence of CYP3A induction in response to a xenobiotic/endogenous compound.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank Masahiro Nomoto, Masaaki Miyata, Tsubasa Chikada, Hitoshi Ohno, and Kiwamu Aramiya for technical assistance.

	Footnotes

 
This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sciences and Technology, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan and Comprehensive Research and Education Center for Planning of Drug Development and Clinical Education, Tohoku University 21st Century "Center of Excellence" Program.

Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.

doi:10.1124/dmd.108.021501.

ABBREVIATIONS: RIF, rifampicin; PXR, pregnane X receptor; VDR, vitamin D receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; LCA, lithocholic acid; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid; h, human; siRNA, small interfering RNA; VD₃, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; TCID₅₀, 50% titer culture infectious dose; MOI, multiplicity of infection; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide.

¹ Current affiliation: Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

Address correspondence to: Yasushi Yamazoe, Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan. E-mail: yamazoe{at}mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

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