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Received for publication April 16, 2004.
Revised July 8, 2004.
Accepted for publication July 9, 2004.
Vitamin E is an essential nutrient with antioxidant activity. Vitamin E is comprised of eight members, 
-, 
-, 
-, and 
- tocopherols and -, -, -, and - tocotrienols. All forms of vitamin E are initially metabolized by 
-oxidation, which is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates drug clearance in the liver and intestine via induction of genes involved in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. We show here that all four tocotrienols specifically bind to and activate SXR whereas tocopherols neither bind nor activate. Surprisingly, tocotrienols show tissue-specific induction of SXR target genes, particularly CYP3A4. Tocotrienols up-regulate expression of CYP3A4 but not UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) or multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR1) in primary hepatocytes. In contrast, tocotrienols induce MDR1 and UGT1A1 but not CYP3A4 expression in intestinal LS180 cells. We found that nuclear receptor co-repressor NCoR is expressed at relatively high levels in intestinal LS180 cells compared with primary hepatocytes. The unliganded SXR interacts with NCoR and this interaction is only partially disrupted by tocotrienols. Expression of a dominant-negative NCoR enhanced the ability of tocotrienols to induce CYP3A4 in LS180 cells, suggesting that NCoR plays an important role in tissue specific gene regulation by SXR. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism explaining how vitamin supplements affect the absorption and effectiveness of drugs. Knowledge of drug-nutrient interactions may help reduce the incidence of decreased drug efficacy.
Key words:
CYP gene regulation, cytochrome P450, hepatocytes, multi-drug resistance, PXR, SXR, UDP glucuronyltransferases, vitamin E
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