Received for publication October 6, 2005.
Revised January 17, 2006.
Accepted for publication February 1, 2006.

Pimecrolimus: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion in Healthy Volunteers Following a Single Oral Dose and Supplementary Investigations In Vitro

Abstract

The absorption and disposition of pimecrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor developed for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, was investigated in four healthy volunteers following a single oral dose of 15 mg [³H]pimecrolimus. Supplementary information was obtained from in vitro experiments. Pimecrolimus was rapidly absorbed. After t_max (1 - 3 h), its blood concentrations fell quickly to 3% of C_max at 24 h, followed by a slow terminal elimination phase (average t_1/2 62 h). Radioactivity in blood decreased more slowly (8% of C_max at 24 h). The tissue- and blood cell distribution of pimecrolimus was high. The metabolism of pimecrolimus in vivo, which could be well reproduced in vitro (human liver microsomes), was highly complex and involved multiple oxidative O-demethylations and hydroxylations. In blood pimecrolimus was the major radiolabeled component up to 24 h (49% of radioactivity AUC_{0-24 h}), accompanied by a large number of minor metabolites. The average fecal excretion of radioactivity between 0 and 240 h amounted to 78% of dose and represented predominantly a complex mixture of metabolites. In urine 0 - 240 h only about 2.5% of the dose and no parent drug was excreted. Hence, pimecrolimus was eliminated almost exclusively by oxidative metabolism. The biotransformation of pimecrolimus was largely catalyzed by CYP3A4/5. Metabolite pools generated in vitro showed low activity in a calcineurin-dependent T-cell activation assay. Hence, metabolites do not seem to contribute significantly to the pharmacological activity of pimecrolimus.

Key words: cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidations, drug absorption, drug disposition, enzyme kinetics, excretion, human pharmacokinetics, liver microsomes, mass spectrometry, metabolite identification

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