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Drug Metabolism and Disposition Fast Forward
First published on March 12, 2007; DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.014340

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Received for publication December 18, 2006.
Revised March 6, 2007.
Accepted for publication March 7, 2007.

INDUCTION OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES BY GARLIC AND ALLYL SULFIDE COMPOUNDS VIA ACTIVATION OF CAR AND NRF2

Craig D. Fisher 1, Lisa M. Augustine 1, Jonathan M. Maher 2, David M. Nelson 3, Angela L. Slitt 4, Curtis D. Klaassen 5, Lois D. Lehman-McKeeman 3, Nathan J. Cherrington 1*

1 University of Arizona 2 University of Kansas 3 Bristol-Myers Squibb 4 University of Rhode Island 5 Uinversity of Kansas

* Address correspondence to: E-mail: cherrington{at}pharmacy.arizona.edu

Abstract

Garlic oil (GO) contains several linear sulfur compounds, including diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS), that induce drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2B and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). CYP2B and NQO1 are primarily regulated by constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factors, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GO and its specific constituents induce these two enzymes via CAR and Nrf2 activation. Female Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats express little CAR protein and exhibit less induction of CYP2B1/2 than males. GO, DAS and DADS, but not DATS, induced CYP2B1/2 mRNA levels to a greater extent in WKY males than in females, suggesting CAR activation. Conversely, DAS induced NQO1 levels equally in WKY males and females indicating CAR-independent induction in rats. DAS, but not GO, DADS or DATS, induced CYP2B10 induction 530-fold in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas this induction was attenuated in CAR-/- mice. DAS induced NQO1 in WT and CAR-/- mice equally, suggesting CAR-independent induction in mice. DAS induced NQO1 5-fold in WT mice, whereas induction was completely absent in Nrf2-/- mice, indicating DAS also activates Nrf2. DAS induction of CYP2B10 was independent of Nrf2 presence or absence. In in vivo transcription assays, DAS activated the human CYP2B6 promoter, and the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) of the human NQO1 promoter, respectively. These studies indicate that garlic oil constituents, particularly DAS, activate CAR and Nrf2 to induce drug-metabolizing enzymes.


Key words: antioxidants, CAR, CYP2B, cytochrome P450 regulation, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase, nuclear receptors, transcriptional regulation


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