Abstract
In the classical metabolic oxidation scheme, hydrophobic endogenous or xenobiotic compounds undergo phase I oxidation, generally catalyzed in the liver by cytochromes P450, followed by phase II conjugation reactions, in a way that allows much more polar metabolites to be expelled from the cell through active transport mechanisms. Cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of steroid sulfate has been described, suggesting that oxidation of polar metabolites such as glucuronide derivatives of endogenous compounds can occur. As an example, we report here that hydroxyestradiol-17β-glucuronide can be directly formed through oxidation of estradiol-17β-glucuronide on the aromatic C2 position. This reaction is specifically catalyzed by CYP 2C8, which is more active in female than in male human liver microsomes. A thorough docking of the molecule within the CYP 2C8 crystal structure shows that the active site is large enough to handle a glucuronide conjugate. Moreover, the most energetically favored position of the bound ligand is fully consistent with the recently published structural determinants of substrate specificity of the CYP 2C8 active site. This is the first demonstration of cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of a steroid glucuro-conjugate. Such oxidation of a glucuronide should be a general process since, in addition to estradiol and testosterone glucuronide, it has been observed for xenobiotic compounds, e.g., diclofenac or naproxen glucuronide.
Footnotes
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Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.
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doi:10.1124/dmd.104.002097.
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ABBREVIATIONS: P450, cytochrome P450; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; DEX, dexamethasone; PB, phenobarbitone; UDPGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; MS-MS, tandem mass spectrometry; XOH E2-glu, oxidized metabolite of estradiol-17β-glucuronide; E2-glu, estradiol-17β-glucuronide; XOH E2, oxidized metabolite of estradiol; 2OH E2, 2-hydroxy-estradiol; 4OH E2, 4-hydroxy-estradiol; amu, atomic mass unit(s); DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone.
- Received August 30, 2004.
- Accepted December 16, 2004.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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