Abstract
Drug transporters are rapidly becoming recognized as central to determining a chemical's fate within the body. This action is a double-edged sword, protecting the body from toxicants, but also potentially leading to reduced clinical efficacy of drugs through multiple drug resistance phenotype. To examine the interrelationship of this superfamily, we have constructed phylogenetic trees over an extended evolutionary distance representing each of the seven subfamilies. In addition, using protein sequences from species important in the design and evaluation of novel chemicals, namely human, macaque, rat, mouse, and dog, we have undertaken probabilistic orthology analysis to examine speciation probabilities within this phylogeny. These data allow us to accurately predict orthologous sequences across these species, an important confirmatory step with implications for cross-species extrapolation of data during drug safety testing. Finally, we present the first complete phylogeny for subfamilies within humans constructed using the entire coding sequences, at both the DNA and protein levels. We demonstrate for the first time that genes associated with the multiple drug resistance phenotype cluster separately from other genes within the same subfamily, suggestive of a conserved, fundamental, difference in these proteins. Such work may help guide future studies on the mechanisms underlying multiple drug resistance as well as the development of novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate against its development.
Footnotes
This work was supported by AstraZeneca/UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [Grant BB/E527671/1].
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.
↵ The online version of this article (available at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org) contains supplemental material.
ABBREVIATIONS:
- ABC
- ATP-binding cassette
- ADME
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- MDR
- multidrug resistance
- RefSeq
- reference sequences
- MPR
- most parsimonious reconciliation
- TMD
- transmembrane domain.
- Received February 13, 2012.
- Accepted April 16, 2012.
- Copyright © 2012 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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