TY - JOUR T1 - HUMAN UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES: ISOFORM SELECTIVITY AND KINETICS OF 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERONE AND 1-NAPHTHOL GLUCURONIDATION, EFFECTS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS, AND INHIBITION BY DICLOFENAC AND PROBENECID JF - Drug Metabolism and Disposition JO - Drug Metab Dispos SP - 413 LP - 423 DO - 10.1124/dmd.32.4.413 VL - 32 IS - 4 AU - Verawan Uchaipichat AU - Peter I. Mackenzie AU - Xiao-Hui Guo AU - Dione Gardner-Stephen AU - Aleksandra Galetin AU - J. Brian Houston AU - John O. Miners Y1 - 2004/04/01 UR - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/32/4/413.abstract N2 - The glucuronidation kinetics of the prototypic substrates 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) and 1-naphthol (1NP) by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17 were investigated. Where activity was demonstrated, inhibitory effects of diclofenac, probenecid, and the solvents acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, and methanol were characterized. All isoforms except UGT1A4 glucuronidated 4MU, whereas all but UGT 1A4, 2B15, and 2B17 metabolized 1NP. However, kinetic models varied with substrate (for the same isoform) and from isoform to isoform (with the same substrate). Hyperbolic (Michaelis-Menten), substrate inhibition, and sigmoidal kinetics were variably observed for both 4MU and 1NP glucuronidation by the various UGTs. Km or S50 (sigmoidal kinetics) and Vmax values varied 525- (8–4204 μM) and 5535-fold, respectively, for 4MU glucuronidation, and 1360- (1.3–1768 μM) and 560-fold, respectively, for 1NP glucuronidation. The use of a two-site model proved useful for those reactions exhibiting non-Michaelis-Menten glucuronidation kinetics. The organic solvents generally had a relatively minor effect on UGT isoform activity. UGT 1A6, 2B15, and 2B17 were most susceptible to the presence of solvent, although solvent-selective inhibition was occasionally observed with other isoforms. Diclofenac and probenecid inhibited all isoforms, precluding the use of these compounds for the reaction phenotyping of xenobiotic glucuronidation pathways in human tissues. Diclofenac and probenecid Ki values, determined for selected isoforms, ranged from 11 to 60 μM and 96 to 2790 μM, respectively. Overall, the results emphasize the need for the careful design and interpretation of kinetic and inhibition studies with human UGTs. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ER -