PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Feng Xu
AU  - Yue Zhang
AU  - Shengyuan Xiao
AU  - Xiaowei Lu
AU  - Donghui Yang
AU  - Xiaoda Yang
AU  - Changling Li
AU  - Mingying Shang
AU  - Pengfei Tu
AU  - Shaoqing Cai
TI  - ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ASTRAGALI RADIX DECOCTION: IN SILICO, IN VITRO, AND A CASE STUDY IN VIVO
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.105.008300
DP  - 2006 Jun 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 913--924
VI  - 34
IP  - 6
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/34/6/913.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/34/6/913.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2006 Jun 01; 34
AB  - To profile absorption of Astragali Radix decoction and identify its orally absorbable constituents and their metabolites, four complementary in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods, i.e., a computational chemistry prediction method, a Caco-2 cell monolayer model experiment, an improved rat everted gut sac experiment, and a healthy human volunteer experiment, were used. According to the in silico computation result, 26 compounds of Astragali Radix could be regarded as orally available compounds, including 12 flavonoids. In the in vitro and in vivo experiments, 21 compounds were tentatively identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry data, which involved calycosin, formononetin, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan, 7,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, formononetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, 7,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-d-glucoside-6″-O-malonate, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-d-glucoside, and phase II metabolites calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, formononetin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, 7,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, and calycosin sulfate. Calycosin and formononetin were proved absorbable by four methods; (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan and 7,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan were proved absorbable by three methods; formononetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-d-glucoside were proved absorbable by two methods. The existence of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, formononetin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, (6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-d-glucuronide, 7,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, and calycosin sulfate was proved by two or three methods. We found that besides isoflavones, pterocarpans and isoflavans also could be metabolized by the intestine during absorption, and the major metabolites were glucuronides. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the flavonoids in Astragali Radix decoction, including isoflavones, pterocarpans, and isoflavans, could be absorbed and metabolized by the intestine. These absorbable compounds, which were reported to have various bioactivities related to the curative effects of Astragali Radix decoction, could be regarded as an important component of the effective constituents of Astragali Radix decoction. The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics