PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Thomas Ebner
AU  - Klaus Wagner
AU  - Wolfgang Wienen
TI  - Dabigatran Acylglucuronide, the Major Human Metabolite of Dabigatran: In Vitro Formation, Stability, and Pharmacological Activity
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.110.033696
DP  - 2010 Sep 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 1567--1575
VI  - 38
IP  - 9
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/38/9/1567.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/38/9/1567.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2010 Sep 01; 38
AB  - Glucuronidation of the carboxylate moiety is the major human metabolic pathway of dabigatran (β-alanine, N-[[2-[[[4-(aminoiminomethyl)phenyl]amino]methyl]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]carbonyl]-N-2-pyridinyl). It results in the formation of the 1-O-acylglucuronide. Four isomeric acylglucuronides of dabigatran were isolated and purified from urine of dosed rhesus monkeys. NMR analysis confirmed the structures of the four metabolites as the 1-O-acylglucuronide (β anomer) and the 2-O-, 3-O-, and 4-O-acylglucuronides (α and β anomers). Experiments with the purified 1-O-acylglucuronide and its isomeric rearrangement products revealed equipotent prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time compared with dabigatran. The 1-O-acylglucuronide, in addition to minor hydrolysis to the aglycon, underwent nonenzymatic acyl migration in aqueous solution, resulting in the formation of the 2-O-, 3-O-, and 4-O-acylglucuronides with an apparent half-life of 1 h (37°C, pH 7.4). The glucuronidation of dabigatran was catalyzed by human hepatic and intestinal microsomes with Km values in the range of 180 to 255 and 411 to 759 μM, respectively. Three UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), namely, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15, exhibited glucuronidation of dabigatran. Based on a comparison of the in vitro intrinsic clearances, UGT2B15 was considered the major contributor to the glucuronidation of dabigatran. The major contribution of UGT2B15 and the minor contribution of at least two more UGT enzymes together with the lack of potent inhibition of dabigatran glucuronidation by several potential UGT inhibitors indicate a low risk of interaction by comedications on dabigatran glucuronidation in the clinic.