PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Hutzler, J. Matthew AU - Yang, Young-Sun AU - Albaugh, Daniel AU - Fullenwider, Cody L. AU - Schmenk, Jennifer AU - Fisher, Michael B. TI - Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase Enzyme Activity in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes AID - 10.1124/dmd.111.042861 DP - 2012 Feb 01 TA - Drug Metabolism and Disposition PG - 267--275 VI - 40 IP - 2 4099 - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/2/267.short 4100 - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/40/2/267.full SO - Drug Metab Dispos2012 Feb 01; 40 AB - Substrates of aldehyde oxidase (AO), for which human clinical pharmacokinetics are reported, were selected and evaluated in pooled mixed-gender cryopreserved human hepatocytes in an effort to quantitatively characterize AO activity. Estimated hepatic clearance (Clh) for BIBX1382, carbazeran, O6-benzylguanine, zaleplon, and XK-469 using cryopreserved hepatocytes was 18, 17, 12, <4.3, and <4.3 ml · min−1 · kg−1, respectively. The observed metabolic clearance in cryopreserved hepatocytes was confirmed to be a result of AO-mediated metabolism via two approaches. Metabolite identification after incubations in the presence of H218O confirmed that the predominant oxidative metabolite was generated by AO, as expected isotope patterns in mass spectra were observed after analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Second, clearance values were efficiently attenuated upon coincubation with hydralazine, an inhibitor of AO. The low exposure after oral doses of BIBX1382 and carbazeran (∼5% F) would have been fairly well predicted using simple hepatic extraction (fh) values derived from cryopreserved hepatocytes. In addition, the estimated hepatic clearance value for O6-benzylguanine was within ∼80% of the observed total clearance in humans after intravenous administration (15 ml · min−1 · kg−1), indicating a reasonable level of quantitative activity from this in vitro system. However, a 3.5-fold underprediction of total clearance was observed for zaleplon, despite the 5-oxo metabolite being clearly observed. These data taken together suggest that the use of cryopreserved hepatocytes may be a practical approach for assessing AO-mediated metabolism in discovery and potentially useful for predicting hepatic clearance of AO substrates.