PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Visentin, Michele
AU  - Torozi, Angelo
AU  - Gai, Zhibo
AU  - Häusler, Stephanie
AU  - Li, Chao
AU  - Hiller, Christian
AU  - Schraml, Peter H.
AU  - Moch, Holger
AU  - Kullak-Ublick, Gerd A.
TI  - Fluorocholine Transport Mediated by the Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2): Implication for Imaging of Kidney Tumors
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.118.081091
DP  - 2018 Aug 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 1129--1136
VI  - 46
IP  - 8
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/46/8/1129.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/46/8/1129.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2018 Aug 01; 46
AB  - [18F]fluorocholine is the fluorinated analog of [11C]choline and is used in positron emission tomography to monitor tumor metabolic activity. Although important to optimize its use and expand the clinical indications, the molecular determinants of fluorocholine cellular uptake are poorly characterized. In this work, we described the influx kinetics of fluorocholine mediated by the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2) and compared with that of choline. Then we characterized the expression pattern of OCT2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In HEK293 cells stably transfected with OCT2 fluorocholine influx, kinetics was biphasic, suggesting two independent binding sites: a high-affinity (Km = 14 ± 8 µM, Vmax = 1.3 ± 0.5 nmol mg−1 min−1) and a low-affinity component (Km = 1.8 ± 0.3 mM, Vmax = 104 ± 4.5 nmol mg−1 min−1). Notably, choline was found to be transported with sigmoidal kinetics typical of homotropic positive cooperativity (h = 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.3). OCT2 mRNA expression level was found significantly decreased in primary but not in metastatic RCC. Tissue microarray immunostaining of 216 RCC biopsies confirmed that the OCT2 protein level was consistent with that of the mRNA. The kinetic properties described in this work suggest that OCT2 is likely to play a dominant role in [18F]fluorocholine uptake in vivo. OCT2-altered expression in primary and metastatic cancer cells, as compared with the surrounding tissues, could be exploited in RCC imaging, especially to increase the detection sensitivity for small metastatic lesions, a major clinical challenge during the initial staging of RCC.