PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Richard D. Burton
AU  - Todd Hieronymus
AU  - Taysir Chamem
AU  - David Heim
AU  - Shelby Anderson
AU  - Xiaochun Zhu
AU  - J. Matthew Hutzler
TI  - Assessment of the Biotransformation of Low-Turnover Drugs in the H<em>µ</em>REL Human Hepatocyte Coculture Model
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.118.082867
DP  - 2018 Nov 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 1617--1625
VI  - 46
IP  - 11
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/46/11/1617.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/46/11/1617.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2018 Nov 01; 46
AB  - Metabolic profiles of four drugs possessing diverse metabolic pathways (timolol, meloxicam, linezolid, and XK469) were compared following incubations in both suspended cryopreserved human hepatocytes and the HμREL hepatocyte coculture model. In general, minimal metabolism was observed following 4-hour incubations in both suspended hepatocytes and the HμREL model, whereas incubations conducted up to 7 days in the HμREL coculture model resulted in more robust metabolic turnover. In the case of timolol, in vivo human data suggest that 22% of the dose is transformed via multistep oxidative opening of the morpholine moiety. Only the first-step oxidation was detected in suspended hepatocytes, whereas the relevant downstream metabolites were produced in the HµREL model. For meloxicam, both the hydroxymethyl and subsequent carboxylic acid metabolites were abundant following incubation in the HμREL model, while only a trace amount of the hydroxymethyl metabolite was observed in suspension. Similar to timolol, linezolid generated substantially higher levels of morpholine ring-opened carboxylic acid metabolites in the HμREL model. Finally, while the major aldehyde oxidase–mediated mono-oxidative metabolite of XK469 was minimally produced in hepatocyte suspension, the HμREL model robustly produced this metabolite, consistent with a pathway reported to account for 54% of the total urinary excretion in human. In addition, low-level taurine and glycine conjugates were identified in the HµREL model. In summary, continuous metabolite production was observed for up to 7 days of incubation in the HµREL model, covering cytochrome P450, aldehyde oxidase, and numerous conjugative pathways, while predominant metabolites correlated with relevant metabolites reported in human in vivo studies.