PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Subash, Sandhya
AU  - Singh, Dilip K.
AU  - Ahire, Deepak S.
AU  - Khojasteh, S. Cyrus
AU  - Murray, Bernard P.
AU  - Zientek, Michael A.
AU  - Jones, Robert S.
AU  - Kulkarni, Priyanka
AU  - Smith, Bill J.
AU  - Heyward, Scott
AU  - Cronin, Ciarán N.
AU  - Prasad, Bhagwat
TI  - Dissecting Parameters Contributing to the Underprediction of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Metabolic Clearance of Drugs
AID  - 10.1124/dmd.123.001379
DP  - 2023 Oct 01
TA  - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
PG  - 1362--1371
VI  - 51
IP  - 10
4099  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/51/10/1362.short
4100  - http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/51/10/1362.full
SO  - Drug Metab Dispos2023 Oct 01; 51
AB  - We investigated the effect of variability and instability in aldehyde oxidase (AO) content and activity on the scaling of in vitro metabolism data. AO content and activity in human liver cytosol (HLC) and five recombinant human AO preparations (rAO) were determined using targeted proteomics and carbazeran oxidation assay, respectively. AO content was highly variable as indicated by the relative expression factor (REF; i.e., HLC to rAO content) ranging from 0.001 to 1.7 across different in vitro systems. The activity of AO in HLC degrades at a 10-fold higher rate in the presence of the substrate as compared with the activity performed after preincubation without substrate. To scale the metabolic activity from rAO to HLC, a protein-normalized activity factor (pnAF) was proposed wherein the activity was corrected by AO content, which revealed up to sixfold higher AO activity in HLC versus rAO systems. A similar value of pnAF was observed for another substrate, ripasudil. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling revealed a significant additional clearance (CL; 66%), which allowed for the successful prediction of in vivo CL of four other substrates, i.e., O-benzyl guanine, BIBX1382, zaleplon, and zoniporide. For carbazeran, the metabolite identification study showed that the direct glucuronidation may be contributing to around 12% elimination. Taken together, this study identified differential protein content, instability of in vitro activity, role of additional AO clearance, and unaccounted metabolic pathways as plausible reasons for the underprediction of AO-mediated drug metabolism. Consideration of these factors and integration of REF and pnAF in PBPK models will allow better prediction of AO metabolism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study elucidated the plausible reasons for the underprediction of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated drug metabolism and provided recommendations to address them. It demonstrated that integrating protein content and activity differences and accounting for the loss of AO activity, as well as consideration of extrahepatic clearance and additional pathways, would improve the in vitro to in vivo extrapolation of AO-mediated drug metabolism using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.