TABLE 1

AUC_0–t values of berberine after four different dosing routes

Data are presented as mean ± SD. n = 5 each.

Route	Dose	AUC_0–t
	mg/kg	ng · h/ml
Intragastric	100	57.9 ± 20.6
Intraduodenal	100	59.3 ± 17.0
Intraportal	4	466.0 ± 109.9^*
Intravenous	4	649.2 ± 99.5

↵* P < 0.05 (intraportal versus intravenous).