Major ingredients and their biological activities relevant to efficacy of DKT
| Source | Major Active Ingredients | Known Biological Activities | Known Molecular Interactions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zanthoxylum fruit | Hydroxy-α-sanshool | Prokinetic effect (Tokita et al., 2007) | TRPV1/TRPA1 stimulation (Koo et al., 2007) |
| KCNK3 inhibition (Bautista et al., 2008) | |||
| Ginger | Shogaols, gingerols | Antiemetic effect (Kawai et al., 1994) | TRPV1 stimulation (Iwasaki et al., 2006) |
| Prokinetic effect (Ghayur and Gilani, 2006) | Inhibition of Ca2+ channels (Ghayur et al., 2008) | ||
| Relax muscle (Hashimoto et al., 2002) | 5-HT3 receptor blocking (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2005) | ||
| Increase intestinal blood flow (Murata et al., 2002) | |||
| Anti-inflammatory effect (Pan et al., 2008) | |||
| Ginseng | Ginsenosides | Alleviation of noxious pain (Kim et al., 2005) | TRPV1 modulation (Jung et al., 2001) |
| Anti-inflammatory effect (Wang et al., 2008) | Modulation of Ca2+ channels (Rhim et al., 2002) | ||
| Amelioration of accelerated intestinal transit (Hashimoto et al., 2003) | Inhibition of various ion-gated channels (Nah et al., 2007) |