ν1 (nmol/min) | Appearance rate of piperinic acid in portal vein | 52.1 ± 6.14 | 21.7 ± 7.62** |
| Appearance rate of ethyl piperate in portal vein | 10.8 ± 3.27 | 9.8 ± 5.44 |
ν2 (nmol/min) | Disappearance rate of ethyl piperate in intestine | 76.5 ± 7.70 | 62.7 ± 11.49* |
ν3 (nmol/min) | Appearance rate of piperinic acid in intestine | 2.3 ± 1.22 | 2.0 ± 0.94 |
CLapp (μl/min) | Absorption clearance | 66.7 ± 24.71 | 55.0 ± 42.86 |
CLdeg (μl/min) | Degradation clearance | 339.9 ± 71.12 | 121.6 ± 48.90** |
Papp (cm/min) | Apparent permeability coefficient of piperinic acid | 2.24 × 10−2 ± 5.10 × 10−3 | 7.64 × 10−3 ± 3.57 × 10−3** |
| Apparent permeability coefficient of ethyl piperate | 4.62 × 10−3 ± 1.65 × 10−3 | 3.59 × 10−3 ± 2.93 × 10−3 |
S9 activity (nmol · min−1 · mg−1) | Production of piperinic acid | 0.196 ± 0.032 | 0.060 ± 0.007** |