TABLE 1

Clinical DDI studies performed with CYP3A4 object drugs

Observed DDI expressed as percentage AUC change of the object drug in the presence versus absence of the precipitant drug. A negative sign (−) indicates the induction of the object drug's metabolism by the precipitant drug. The data were obtained from the University of Washington Metabolism and Transport Drug Interaction database, with the citations to specific clinical studies provided in Supplemental References.

Precipitant Drug	Object Drug
Precipitant Drug	Midazolam	Nifedipine	Simvastatin	Triazolam	EE	Others
Aprepitant	229¹				−45⁵⁰
Avasimibe	−73 to −94²
Bosentan			−34³		−31⁴
Carbamazepine	−94⁵		−75⁶		−42^7,23
Dexamethasone				−19⁸
Efavirenz						−41 (atorvastatin)⁹
Ethinyl estradiol	−20^9a,9b	−2¹⁰		44¹¹
Fluconazole				63¹²	−2⁵¹
Flumazenil	−2⁵⁷
Fluoxetine	−13^{13 (no effect)}			2¹⁴
Fluvoxamine	66¹³
Gatifloxacin	8¹⁵
Hyperforin	−80¹⁶	−48¹⁷	−48⁵¹		−24¹⁸
Leflunomide						4.2 (methotrexate)⁵³
Modafinil				−58¹⁹	−20¹⁹
Nafcillin		−63²⁰
Nevirapine					−32²¹
Nifedipine	−4⁴⁵
Nitrendipine	−10⁴⁴
Omeprazole		25⁵⁸
Oxcarbazepine					−47²²
Phenobarbital		−61^48,49
Phenytoin	−94⁵				−49²³
Pioglitazone	−26⁴⁶		−2²⁴
Pleconaril	−35²⁵				−28²⁶
Ranitidine	23²⁷	−3^28,29		28³⁰
Rifabutin					−36^31,32
Rifampicin	−98³³	−92³⁴	−91³⁵	−65³⁶	−66^31,32
Rosiglitazone		−12³⁷			−7³⁸
Roxithromycin	47³⁹
Sulfinpyrazone						−22 [(R)-warfarin]⁴⁰
Terbinafine	−25⁴¹			−19⁴²
Topiramate					−21⁴³
Troglitazone	67⁴⁷		−38²⁴		−32⁴⁴

Superscripted numbers denote references in supplemental materials.