Origin | Compound | Structure | MW | Confirmed Ligand | Human AHR Selective Agonist | Mouse AHR Selective Agonist | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exogenous | 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) | 321.97 | ✓ | ✓ | Poland and Knutson, 1982 | ||
Dietary | lndole-3-carbinol (I3C) | 147.18 | ✓ | Bjeldanes et al., 1991; Ito et al., 2007 | |||
Dietary | lndole-3-acetonitrile (I3ACN) | 156.18 | ✓ | Bjeldanes et al., 1991 | |||
Dietary | 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM) | 246.31 | ✓ | Bjeldanes et al., 1991 | |||
Dietary | 2-(Indol-3-ylmethyl)-3,3′-diindolylmethane (Ltr-1) | 369.47 | ✓ | Bjeldanes et al., 1991 | |||
Dietary | Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) | 254.28 | ✓ | Bjeldanes et al., 1991; Jellinck et al., 1993 | |||
Dietary | 2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) | 286.31 | ✓ | Song et al., 2002 | |||
Microbial | Indole | 117.15 | ✓ | ✓ | Miller, 1997; Hubbard, 2015 | ||
Microbial | lndole-3-acetic acid (IAA) | 175.18 | ✓ | Miller, 1997; Jin et al., 2014 | |||
Microbial | lndole-3-aldehyde (IAld) | 145.16 | ✓ | Bjeldanes et al., 1991; Zelante et al., 2013 | |||
Microbial | Tryptamine | 160.22 | ✓ | Miller, 1997; Jin et al., 2014 | |||
Microbial | 3-Methyl-indole (skatole) | 131.17 | * | Weems and Yost, 2010; Hubbard, 2015 | |||
Yeast | Tryptamine | 248.24 | * | Schrenk et al., 1999; Vlachos et al., 2012 | |||
Microbial/host metabolism | Indigo | 248.24 | ✓ | ✓ | Adachi et al., 2001; Peter Guengerich et al., 2004; Sugihara et al., 2004 | ||
Microbial/host metabolism | Indirubin | 262.27 | ✓ | ✓ | Adachi et al., 2001; Peter Guengerich et al., 2004; Sugihara et al., 2004; Flaveny et al., 2009 | ||
Microbial/host metabolism | lndoxyl-3-sulfate (I3S) | 213.21 | ✓ | ✓ | Schroeder et al., 2010 | ||
Host metabolism | Kynurenine (Kyn) | 208.21 | ✓ | ✓ | Mezrich et al., 2010; Opitz et al., 2011 | ||
Host metabolism | Kynurenic acid (KA) | 189.17 | ✓ | ✓ | DiNatale et al., 2010a | ||
Host metabolism | Xanthurenic acid | 205.17 | * | ✓ | DiNatale et al., 2010a | ||
Host metabolism | Cinnabarinic acid (CA) | 300.22 | * | Lowe et al., 2014 | |||
UV-light oxidation | 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) | 284.31 | ✓ | Rannug et al., 1987, 1995 |
MW, molecular weight.
↵* Molecule is an activator of AHR, but further ligand binding assays are required.