Compound | Predominant CYP450 Isoform | fup | Observed In Vivo CLnonrenal | In Vitro Predicted CLH Expt. 1 | Fold Error | In Vitro Predicted CLH Expt. 2 | Fold Error | In Vitro Predicted CLH Expt. 3 | Fold Error | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mL/min/kg) | (mL/min/kg) | (mL/min/kg) | (mL/min/kg) | |||||||||||||
Low nonrenal CLb (<5 mL/min/kg) | Alprazolam(1) | 3A4 | 0.29 | 0.76 | 0.70 | ± | 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.67 | ± | 0.06 | 0.88 | 0.76 | ± | 0.07 | 1.00 |
Prednisolone(2) | 3A4 | 0.28 | 1.44 | 1.55 | ± | 0.04 | 1.08 | 1.27 | ± | 0.05 | 0.88 | 1.95 | ± | 0.05 | 1.35 | |
Diazepam(3) | 2C19 | 0.015 | 0.53 | 9.02 | ± | 0.13 | 17.0 | 8.29 | ± | 0.16 | 15.6 | 9.39 | ± | 0.28 | 17.7 | |
Voriconazole(4) | 2C19 | 0.42 | 3.72 | 7.15 | ± | 0.19 | 1.92 | 5.74 | ± | 0.17 | 1.54 | 6.70 | ± | 0.12 | 1.80 | |
Tolbutamide(5) | 2C9 | 0.058 | 0.36 | 0.71 | ± | 0.03 | 1.97 | 0.35 | ± | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.63 | ± | 0.03 | 1.75 | |
Meloxicam(6) | 2C9 | 0.006 | 0.12 | 0.11*† | ± | 0.02 | 1.17 | 0.24† | ± | 0.10 | 2.00 | 0.11*† | ± | 0.02 | 0.92 | |
Warfarin(7) | 2C9 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.22 | ± | 0.01 | 2.75 | 0.24 | ± | 0.02 | 3.00 | 0.36 | ± | 0.02 | 4.50 | |
Glimepiride(8) | 2C9 | 0.005 | 1.12 | 1.91 | ± | 0.11 | 1.70 | 1.80 | ± | 0.04 | 1.61 | 2.28 | ± | 0.09 | 2.04 | |
Theophylline(9) | 1A2 | 0.41 | 1.13 | n.d | n.d. | n.d | ||||||||||
Riluzole(10) | 1A2 | 0.02 | 3.20 | 5.32 | ± | 0.05 | 1.66 | 6.48 | ± | 0.09 | 2.03 | 6.78 | ± | 0.02 | 2.12 | |
Oxazepam(11) | UGT2B15 | 0.045 | 1.43 | 1.93 | ± | 0.07 | 1.35 | 1.85 | ± | 0.10 | 1.29 | 1.96 | ± | 0.08 | 1.37 | |
Intermediate nonrenal CLb (5–15 mL/min/kg) | Midazolam(12) | 3A4 | 0.02 | 8.61 | 11.0 | ± | 0.19 | 1.28 | 10.1 | ± | 0.22 | 1.17 | 10.9 | ± | 0.12 | 1.21 |
Atazanavir(13) | 3A4 | 0.14 | 5.58 | 2.03 | ± | 0.23 | 0.36 | 1.32 | ± | 0.12 | 0.24 | 1.83 | ± | 0.24 | 0.33 | |
Diclofenac(14) | 2C9 | 0.005 | 7.60 | 2.12 | ± | 0.07 | 0.28 | 1.69 | ± | 0.09 | 0.22 | 1.64 | ± | 0.09 | 0.22 | |
Lidocaine(15) | 1A2 | 0.30 | 10.7 | 10.5 | ± | 0.2 | 0.98 | 10.1 | ± | 0.12 | 0.94 | 11.0 | ± | 0.03 | 1.03 | |
Risperidone(16) | 2D6 | 0.11 | 7.82 | 3.00 | ± | 0.16 | 0.38 | 2.42 | ± | 0.07 | 0.31 | 3.70 | ± | 0.26 | 0.47 | |
Flecainide(17) | 2D6 | 0.39 | 5.82 | 0.15† | ± | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.13† | ± | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.22† | ± | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
Atomoxetine(18) | 2D6 | 0.013 | 7.05 | 3.02 | ± | 0.02 | 0.43 | 2.62 | ± | 0.06 | 0.37 | 3.13 | ± | 0.17 | 0.44 | |
Metoprolol(19) | 2D6 | 0.89 | 11.9 | 0.37 | ± | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.30 | ± | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.49 | ± | 0.05 | 0.04 | |
Imipramine(20) | 2D6/1A2 | 0.13 | 11.8 | n.t. | 4.58 | ± | 0.11 | 0.39 | 6.45 | ± | 0.18 | 0.55 | ||||
Ondansetron(21) | 2D6 | 0.73 | 6.75 | n.t. | 1.73 | ± | 0.12 | 0.26 | 2.27 | ± | 0.13 | 0.34 |
CLb, blood clearance; fup, fraction unbound in plasma; n.d., not determinable; n.t., not tested; *n = 2 replicates; †R2 < 0.7.