Abstract
This study investigated the metabolism of select amino acids (AA) in bacterial strains (Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp.) and mixed bacterial cultures derived from the jejunum and ileum of pigs. Cells were incubated at 37°C for 3 h in anaerobic media containing 0.5–5 mM select AA plus [U-14C]-labeled tracers to determine their decarboxylation and incorporation into bacterial protein. Results showed that all types of bacteria rapidly utilized glutamine, lysine, arginine and threonine. However, rates of the utilization of AA by pure cultures of E. coli and Klebsiella sp. were greater than those for mixed bacterial cultures or Streptococcus sp. The oxidation of lysine, threonine and arginine accounted for 10% of their utilization in these pure bacterial cultures, but values were either higher or lower in mixed bacterial cultures depending on AA, bacterial species and the gut segment (e.g., 15% for lysine in jejunal and ileal mixed bacteria; 5.5 and 0.3% for threonine in jejunal mixed bacteria and ileal mixed bacteria, respectively; and 20% for arginine in ileal mixed bacteria). Percentages of AA used for bacterial protein synthesis were 50–70% for leucine, 25% for threonine, proline and methionine, 15% for lysine and arginine and 10% for glutamine. These results indicate diverse metabolism of AA in small-intestinal bacteria in a species- and gut compartment-dependent manner. This diversity may contribute to AA homeostasis in the gut. The findings have important implications for both animal and human nutrition, as well as their health and well-beings.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Amino acids
- EAA:
-
Nutritionally essential amino acids
- CFU:
-
Colony forming unit
- NEAA:
-
Nutritionally nonessential amino acids
- SCFA:
-
Short-chain fatty acid
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (30810103909), the National Basic Research Program of China (2004CB117500-4), National Research Initiative Competitive Grants from the Animal Growth & Nutrient Utilization Program (2008-35206-18764) of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, and Texas AgriLife Research Hatch Project (H-8200). We are grateful to Dr. Jo-Ann Fleming, Dr. Haijun Gao, and Dr. Junjun Wang for technical assistance and helpful discussion. ZL Dai thanks the China Scholarship Council for support of his study at Texas A&M University between 17 February 2009 and 28 February 2010.
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Dai, ZL., Li, XL., Xi, PB. et al. Metabolism of select amino acids in bacteria from the pig small intestine. Amino Acids 42, 1597–1608 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0846-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0846-x