Effects of xylene and xylene isomers on cytochrome P-450 and in vitro enzymatic activities in rat liver, kidney and lung
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2021, Food and Chemical ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :Chapter 9, Animal Models, in section: “Comparative Physiology and Anatomy,” subsection, “Comparative Airway Anatomy.” Additional References: Smyth (1962); Frantik (1994); Carpenter (1975); Hass (1995); Klimisch (1988); Stadler (1996); Kulig (1997); Hass (1993); Jenkins (1970); Kawai (1991); Savolainen (1979); Savolainen (1985); Toftgard (1981); Toftgard (1982); Laine (1993); Smith (1997); Tatrai (1980); Wallace (1987); Prah (1998); DeJongh (1998); Loizou (1999); Kukner (1998); Saillenfait (2003); Vaidyanathan (2003); Gagnaire (2007); Ernstgard (2002); Sandikci (2009); Gauthereau-Torres (2009); Martin (2012); Wang (2012); Alexeeff (2006). Literature Search and Risk Assessment Completed On: 05/09/19.
Effects of inhaled combined Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX): Toward an environmental exposure model
2021, Environmental Toxicology and PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :In addition, because the reported exposures were below OSHA limits, these results may be relevant to environmental exposures. Animal studies have also demonstrated kidney and/or liver damage after exposure to benzene (10−50 ppm for 5 h/day, for 2 weeks; El-Shakour et al., 2015), toluene (2000 ppm of various durations; Pyykko, 1983), ethylbenzene (100−1500 ppm for 6 h/day, for 13 weeks; Zhang et al., 2010), and xylenes (2000 ppm for 6 h/day for 3 days; Toftgard and Nilsen, 1982). Because the kidney and liver are also susceptible to the toxic effects of BTEX tested at various concentrations for various durations, the lack of an animal model of combined BTEX exposure is a significant gap in BTEX research.
The genotoxicity of an organic solvent mixture: A human biomonitoring study and translation of a real-scenario exposure to in vitro
2020, Regulatory Toxicology and PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Thus, it can be concluded that, when there is a substance that competes with another for the same metabolic pathway, one should check whether they are enzyme-inducing or inhibiting, since if one of the substances is inhibitory the other substance is expected to increase in the blood (Viau, 2002). Concerning xylene and its isomers, one study revealed that they can increase hepatic CYP450 concentrations and have the ability to proceed to metabolic modifications of other potentially toxic substances in liver, kidney and lung microsomes, suggesting possible synergistic toxic responses (Toftgård and Nilsen, 1982). In the comet assay performed in this study, an additional step was added to make the assay more specific and sensitive, allowing the evaluation of oxidative damage through the use of the Fpg enzyme.