Recommended nomenclature for the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene family

doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00065-9

Biochemical Pharmacology

Volume 58, Issue 3, 1 August 1999, Pages 389-395

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00065-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family encodes enzymes that metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Studies on 19 vertebrate animals have identified ADH orthologs across several species, and this has now led to questions of how best to name ADH proteins and genes. Seven distinct classes of vertebrate ADH encoded by non-orthologous genes have been defined based upon sequence homology as well as unique catalytic properties or gene expression patterns. Each class of vertebrate ADH shares <70% sequence identity with other classes of ADH in the same species. Classes may be further divided into multiple closely related isoenzymes sharing >80% sequence identity such as the case for class I ADH where humans have three class I ADH genes, horses have two, and mice have only one. Presented here is a nomenclature that uses the widely accepted vertebrate ADH class system as its basis. It follows the guidelines of human and mouse gene nomenclature committees, which recommend coordinating names across species boundaries and eliminating Roman numerals and Greek symbols. We recommend that enzyme subunits be referred to by the symbol “ADH” (alcohol dehydrogenase) followed by an Arabic number denoting the class; i.e. ADH1 for class I ADH. For genes we recommend the italicized root symbol “ADH” for human and “Adh” for mouse, followed by the appropriate Arabic number for the class; i.e. ADH1 or Adh1 for class I ADH genes. For organisms where multiple species-specific isoenzymes exist within a class, we recommend adding a capital letter after the Arabic number; i.e. ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C for human α, β, and γ class I ADHs, respectively. This nomenclature will accommodate newly discovered members of the vertebrate ADH family, and will facilitate functional and evolutionary studies.

Section snippets

ADH nomenclature

The early identification of multiple ADHs in the horse 34, 35, human [36], mouse [37], and rat [38] led to species-specific nomenclatures that were useful at the time, but have resulted in many non-orthologous ADHs having the same protein and/or gene names, and many orthologous ADHs having different names. An ADH nomenclature was proposed recently based upon the class system that relies primarily upon amino acid sequence homology and secondarily upon catalytic properties or expression patterns

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CommentariesRecommended nomenclature for the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene family

Abstract

Section snippets

ADH nomenclature

Biochem Pharmacol

J Biol Chem

J Biol Chem

J Biol Chem

FEBS Lett

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Arch Biochem Biophys

J Biol Chem

FEBS Lett

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Genomics

Genomics

Genomics

J Biol Chem

FEBS Lett

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

J Biol Chem

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

FEBS Lett

J Biol Chem

Gene

Gene

FEBS Lett

J Biol Chem

J Biol Chem

FEBS Lett

FEBS Lett

FEBS Lett

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Isozymes of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Curr Top Biol Med Res

A super-family of medium-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (MDR)—Sub-lines including ζ-crystallin, alcohol and polyol dehydrogenases, quinone oxidoreductases, enoyl reductases, VAT-1 and other proteins

Eur J Biochem

Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases

Adv Exp Med Biol

Aldehyde dehydrogenasesWidespread structural and functional diversity within a shared framework

Protein Sci

Alcohol dehydrogenase variability. Evolutionary and functional conclusions from characterization of further variants

Adv Exp Med Biol

Evidence that class IV alcohol dehydrogenase may function in embryonic retinoic acid synthesis

Adv Exp Med Biol

Alcohol dehydrogenases in Xenopus developmentConserved expression of ADH1 and ADH4 in epithelial retinoid target tissues

Dev Dyn

Mammalian class VI alcohol dehydrogenaseNovel types of the rodent enzymes

Adv Exp Med Biol

Amphibian alcohol dehydrogenase, the major frog liver enzyme. Relationships to other forms and assessment of an early gene duplication separating vertebrate class I and class III alcohol dehydrogenases

Biochemistry

Progressive sequence alignment and molecular evolution of the Zn-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family

J Mol Evol

Fundamental molecular differences between alcohol dehydrogenase classes

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

“Enzymogenesis”Classical liver alcohol dehydrogenase origin from the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase line

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

χ-ADH is the sole alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme of mammalian brainsImplications and inferences

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

Enzymology of human alcohol metabolism

Adv Enzymol

Investigation of the role of polymorphisms at the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase loci in genetic predisposition to alcohol-related end-organ damage

Hepatology

Commentaries
Recommended nomenclature for the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene family

_χ-ADH is the sole alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme of mammalian brainsImplications and inferences