Abstract
Background and objectives
Exposure to gefitinib (IRESSA®, ZD1839), an epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is highly variable between subjects. In an attempt to explain this variability, three pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in healthy volunteers to investigate the relationship between exposure to gefitinib and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A phenotype (study 1), CYP3A5 genotype (study 2) and CYP2D6 genotype (study 3).
Methods
In study 1 all 15 healthy volunteers received single oral doses of midazolam (7.5mg), as a CYP3A probe, and gefitinib (500mg), separated by an appropriate washout period. Plasma concentrations of midazolam and gefitinib were measured. In study 2, 73 healthy volunteers with previously defined single-dose gefitinib pharmacokinetic profiles were genotyped for CYP3A5. In study 3 a single oral dose of gefitinib (250mg) was administered to poor and extensive CYP2D6 metabolisers (n= 15 in each group). Plasma concentrations of gefitinib and its major metabolite, M523595, were measured. Plasma concentrations of gefitinib, M523595 and midazolam were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, and appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods. Genetic analysis of CYP3A5 (study 2) and CYP2D6 (study 3) alleles was carried out using standard methodology.
Results
In study 1 there was some indication of a correlation between the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC∞) values of midazolam and gefitinib, although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.062, regression analysis). In study 2 eight of 73 volunteers (11%) were identified as CYP3A5 expressers. No apparent relationship was observed between the occurrence of the CYP3A5 expresser genotype and gefitinib plasma clearance or terminal elimination halflife. In study 3 M523595 was not detected in any plasma samples collected from poor CYP2D6 metabolisers. Gefitinib geometric mean AUC∞ and peak plasma drug concentration were higher in poor CYP2D6 metabolisers compared with extensive metabolisers (AUC∞ 3060 vs 1430 ng · h/mL, p < 0.05, ANOVA), although the range of values was wide with considerable overlap between the groups. Gefitinib was well tolerated in both groups.
Conclusions
Individual differences in CYP3A expression do not explain all the interindividual variability in gefitinib exposure. There is no apparent relationship between CYP3A5 genotype and gefitinib clearance. The lack of measurable levels of M523595 in poor CYP2D6 metabolisers confirms that production of this metabolite is mediated by CYP2D6. Although higher exposure to gefitinib occurs in individuals who are poor CYP2D6 metabolisers, genotyping prior to initiation of therapy and dosage adjustment are not warranted.
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Notes
The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the analytical and technical support provided by Analytico Medinet BV, Pharma Bio-Research and within the Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department of AstraZeneca, for analysis of the plasma samples. We thank Nancy Robertson from the Clinical Genotyping Group of AstraZeneca for CYP3A5 genotyping and Epidauros Biotechnologie AG for CYP2D6 genotyping. Editorial assistance was provided by Jenny Stewart and financed by AstraZeneca.
No sources of funding were used to assist in conducting this study. The authors have no potential conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the contents of this study.
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Swaisland, H.C., Cantarini, M.V., Fuhr, R. et al. Exploring the Relationship Between Expression of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Gefitinib Pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 45, 633–644 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645060-00006
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200645060-00006