Global analysis of the impact of environmental perturbation on cis-regulation of gene expression

PLoS Genet. 2011 Jan 20;7(1):e1001279. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001279.

Abstract

Genetic variants altering cis-regulation of normal gene expression (cis-eQTLs) have been extensively mapped in human cells and tissues, but the extent by which controlled, environmental perturbation influences cis-eQTLs is unclear. We carried out large-scale induction experiments using primary human bone cells derived from unrelated donors of Swedish origin treated with 18 different stimuli (7 treatments and 2 controls, each assessed at 2 time points). The treatments with the largest impact on the transcriptome, verified on two independent expression arrays, included BMP-2 (t = 2h), dexamethasone (DEX) (t = 24 h), and PGE₂ (t = 24 h). Using these treatments and control, we performed expression profiling for 18,144 RefSeq transcripts on biological replicates of the complete study cohort of 113 individuals (n(total) = 782) and combined it with genome-wide SNP-genotyping data in order to map treatment-specific cis-eQTLs (defined as SNPs located within the gene ± 250 kb). We found that 93% of cis-eQTLs at 1% FDR were observed in at least one additional treatment, and in fact, on average, only 1.4% of the cis-eQTLs were considered as treatment-specific at high confidence. The relative invariability of cis-regulation following perturbation was reiterated independently by genome-wide allelic expression tests where only a small proportion of variance could be attributed to treatment. Treatment-specific cis-regulatory effects were, however, 2- to 6-fold more abundant among differently expressed genes upon treatment. We further followed-up and validated the DEX-specific cis-regulation of the MYO6 and TNC loci and found top cis-regulatory variants located 180 kb and 250 kb upstream of the transcription start sites, respectively. Our results suggest that, as opposed to tissue-specificity of cis-eQTLs, the interactions between cellular environment and cis-variants are relatively rare (∼1.5%), but that detection of such specific interactions can be achieved by a combination of functional genomic approaches as described here.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / pharmacology
  • Dexamethasone / pharmacology
  • Dinoprostone / pharmacology
  • Environmental Exposure*
  • Female
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Gene Expression Regulation* / drug effects
  • Gene Regulatory Networks
  • Genetic Markers
  • Genotype
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Organ Specificity / genetics
  • Osteoblasts / drug effects
  • Osteoblasts / metabolism*
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / genetics
  • Quantitative Trait Loci
  • Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / drug effects
  • Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / genetics*

Substances

  • Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
  • Genetic Markers
  • Dexamethasone
  • Dinoprostone