The innate antiviral response is mediated, at least in part, by Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
TLR3 signaling is activated in response to viral infection, and the absence of TLR3 in mice …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, interleukin (IL)–1β, and nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced cardiac depression. Toll-like receptor–4 (TLR-4) mediates …

Objective. Despite the recent resurgence of tuberculosis among children in the United States,
no series of infants <1 year of age with tuberculosis has been reported in the last 20 years. …

Enterovirus-induced myocardial injury can lead to severe heart failure. To date, little is known
about the early innate stress response that contributes to host defense in the heart. Toll-…

Background— Previous studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) confers
cytoprotective responses in cardiac myocytes. However, the mechanisms for the cytoprotective …

The precise molecular mechanisms responsible for sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction
remain undefined. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) engages lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and …

Background— The molecular mechanisms responsible for sepsis-induced myocardial
dysfunction remain undefined. CD14 mediates the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (…

The discovery and characterization of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) family has led to a better
understanding of the innate immune system. The strategy of innate immune recognition is …

Production of proinflammatory cytokines contributes to cardiac dysfunction during ischemia-reperfusion.
The principal mechanism responsible for the induction of this innate stress …

Background— Staphylococcus aureus sepsis is associated with significant myocardial
dysfunction. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mediates the inflammatory response to S aureus and may …