Research in autophagy continues to accelerate, 1 and as a result many new scientists are
entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for …

Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation system by which cytoplasmic materials are
delivered to and degraded in the lysosome. However, the purpose of autophagy is not the …

… Masaaki Komatsu… Masaaki Komatsu and Yoshinobu Ichimura designed and directed
the review contents. Yoshinori Katsuragi created Figures. All authors wrote the manuscript. …

… by cardiac perfusion with 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 4… M phosphate buffer containing
2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde for standard electron microscopy, or with 0.1 M …

… Livers homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose were centrifuged at 6,800g for 5 min at 4 C. The
supernatant and fatty layer were centrifuged at 17,000g for 10 min at 4 C to pellet autophagic …

The DONUT experiment has analyzed 203 neutrino interactions recorded in nuclear
emulsion targets. A decay search has found evidence of four tau neutrino interactions with an …

Inactivation of constitutive autophagy results in formation of cytoplasmic protein inclusions
and leads to liver injury and neurodegeneration, but the details of abnormalities related to …

… The resulting crystals in free form were obtained in a drop containing 1.0 M lithium sulphate,
0.5 M ammonium sulphate and 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 5.2, at 20 C. After soaking the apo-…

Abstract Systems for protein degradation are essential for tight control of the inflammatory
immune response 1 , 2 . Autophagy, a bulk degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Recent identification
of genes linked to familial forms of PD such as Parkin and PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative …