Focal brain ischemia induces inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, gliosis, and
neovascularization. Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycoprotein that has been implicated in …

Carvedilol is a novel cardiovascular drug of proven efficacy in the treatment of hypertension,
angina, and heart failure. Several mechanisms may account for the beneficial effects of …

Background— Recent evidence from cultured endothelial cell studies suggests that
phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the PI3-kinase–Akt pathway …

Background—Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important
role in apoptotic cell death. The role of p38 MAPK in myocardial injury caused by ischemia/…

The antioxidant effect of carvedilol, a new vasodilating, beta adrenoceptor blocker was
studied and compared with five other beta blockers. Carvedilol rapidly inhibited Fe(++)-initiated …

Three major mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal–regulated
kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH 2 -terminal protein kinase (JNK), have been identified in the …

Background and purpose: Atypical cannabinoids are thought to cause vasodilatation
through an as‐yet unidentified ‘CBx’ receptor. Recent reports suggest GPR55 is an atypical …

The expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) mRNAs was
significantly increased in the rat ischemic cortex following temporary occlusion of the middle …

Increased expression of cell adhesion molecules is an important pathological event during
the development of atherosclerosis. The smooth muscle cell (SMC) is one of the cell types …

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine produced by a variety of cell types involved in atherogenesis
and is chemotactic for neutrophils and lymphocytes. A recent study has shown that IL-8 …