Abstract

The present study describes the NADPH-dependent, regioselective oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate methyl ester (DDTC-Me), a dithiocarbamate ester containing both a thionosulfur (C = S) and a thioether (S-CH3) group, to two novel S-oxidized metabolites. DDTC-Me is a key metabolite in the overall bioactivation pathway for the clinically used alcohol deterrent, disulfiram. Incubation of DDTC-Me with rat liver microsomes resulted in the formation of two major metabolites. These metabolites were identified as DDTC-Me sulfoxide [S(O)CH3] and DDTC-Me sulfine (C = S+-O-) based on their NMR spectra and by MS. The formation of DDTC-Me sulfoxide was completely inhibited by the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors, emulgen 911 and 1-benzylimidazole, but only partially inhibited by heat inactivation of the flavin-containing moonooxygenases (FMO). This suggested that DDTC-Me sulfoxide formation is primarily catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 with a minor contribution from FMO. In contrast, the formation of DDTC-Me sulfine was inhibited from 60 to 80% in the presence of emulgen 911 and 1-benzylimidazole and 30 to 50% by heat inactivation of FMO, suggesting a partial role of FMO in the formation of DDTC-Me sulfine. DDTC-Me sulfoxide is a new class of dithiocarbamates that has not been previously described, whereas, DDTC-Me sulfine belongs to a class of thionosulfur sulfines that have been implicated in a number of toxicological processes.