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Research ArticleArticle

In Vivo Metabolic Fate of the Xeno-Estrogen 4-n-Nonylphenol in Wistar Rats

Daniel Zalko, Rémi Costagliola, Céline Dorio, Estelle Rathahao and Jean-Pierre Cravedi
Drug Metabolism and Disposition February 2003, 31 (2) 168-178; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.2.168
Daniel Zalko
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Rémi Costagliola
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Céline Dorio
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Estelle Rathahao
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Jean-Pierre Cravedi
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Abstract

The distribution and the metabolic fate of 4-n-nonylphenol were investigated in male and female Wistar rats dosed orally with 1 μg/kg (“low-dose”) or 10 mg/kg (“high-dose”) labeled 4-n-nonylphenol. Following a 4-day metabolic balance study, neither the distribution pattern nor the residual levels of 4-n-nonylphenol were found to be different between groups, and no unexpected tissue-specific accumulation of 4-n-nonylphenol was detected. Most of the radioactivity was eliminated in urine, and consisted of hydrophilic metabolites very likely resulting from extensive β-oxidation of the nonyl side chain and from the conjugation of the phenol to sulfate or to glucuronic acid. Traces of ring-hydroxylated nonylphenol were also characterized. Fecal excretion was mainly associated with unchanged 4-n-nonylphenol and with side chain hydroxylated 4-n-nonylphenol. Experiments carried out in pregnant rats exposed to a low-dose of 4-n-nonylphenol from day 3 to day 19 of gestation demonstrated similar metabolic pathways for this xeno-estrogen. Very limited amounts, if any, of non metabolized 4-n-nonylphenol did reach fetuses. The oxidative metabolism of 4-n-nonylphenol leads to the formation of both ring-hydroxylated and side chain hydroxylated metabolites. The latter metabolic pathway may be a major metabolic pathway for branched 4-nonyl-phenols and may be a clue to understand their biological activity.

Footnotes

  • This study was partly supported by the “Environnement et Santé” program of the French Ministry of the Environment (EN97C17) and by the “Pôle de sécurité sanitaire des aliments” (Région Midi-Pyrénées, France).

  • Abbreviations used are::
    NP
    nonylphenol
    NP-PE
    nonylphenol polyethoxylate
    4-n-NP
    4-n-nonylphenol
    HPLC
    high performance liquid chromatography
    LC
    liquid chromatography
    FAS
    formic acid solution
    ESI
    electrospray ionization
    MS
    mass spectrometry
    RT
    retention time
    ppb
    part per billion
    • Received August 15, 2002.
    • Accepted October 31, 2002.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 31 (2)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 31, Issue 2
1 Feb 2003
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Research ArticleArticle

In Vivo Metabolic Fate of the Xeno-Estrogen 4-n-Nonylphenol in Wistar Rats

Daniel Zalko, Rémi Costagliola, Céline Dorio, Estelle Rathahao and Jean-Pierre Cravedi
Drug Metabolism and Disposition February 1, 2003, 31 (2) 168-178; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.2.168

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Research ArticleArticle

In Vivo Metabolic Fate of the Xeno-Estrogen 4-n-Nonylphenol in Wistar Rats

Daniel Zalko, Rémi Costagliola, Céline Dorio, Estelle Rathahao and Jean-Pierre Cravedi
Drug Metabolism and Disposition February 1, 2003, 31 (2) 168-178; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.31.2.168
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