Skip to main content
Advertisement

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Fast Forward
    • Latest Articles
    • Special Sections
    • Archive
  • Information
    • Instructions to Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • FAQs
    • For Subscribers
    • Terms & Conditions of Use
    • Permissions
  • Editorial Board
  • Alerts
    • Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Virtual Issues
  • Feedback
  • Submit
  • Other Publications
    • Drug Metabolism and Disposition
    • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
    • Molecular Pharmacology
    • Pharmacological Reviews
    • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
    • ASPET

User menu

  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Drug Metabolism & Disposition
  • Other Publications
    • Drug Metabolism and Disposition
    • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
    • Molecular Pharmacology
    • Pharmacological Reviews
    • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
    • ASPET
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • Log out
  • My Cart
Drug Metabolism & Disposition

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Fast Forward
    • Latest Articles
    • Special Sections
    • Archive
  • Information
    • Instructions to Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • FAQs
    • For Subscribers
    • Terms & Conditions of Use
    • Permissions
  • Editorial Board
  • Alerts
    • Alerts
    • RSS Feeds
  • Virtual Issues
  • Feedback
  • Submit
  • Visit dmd on Facebook
  • Follow dmd on Twitter
  • Follow ASPET on LinkedIn
OtherShort Communication

POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 2 ON THE INTERACTION OF THEOPHYLLINE WITH ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE HUMAN LIVER

Yasuna Kobayashi, Ryoko Sakai, Naomi Ohshiro, Masayuki Ohbayashi, Noriko Kohyama and Toshinori Yamamoto
Drug Metabolism and Disposition May 2005, 33 (5) 619-622; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.104.003301
Yasuna Kobayashi
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ryoko Sakai
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Naomi Ohshiro
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Masayuki Ohbayashi
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Noriko Kohyama
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Toshinori Yamamoto
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • eLetters
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Organic anion transporter 2 (Oat2 [SLC22A7]) is a multispecific organic anion transporter. Although several substrates of human Oat2 (hOat2) have been elucidated, a possible involvement of hOat2 in drug interaction is less defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of theophylline with erythromycin mediated by hOat2 using a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, hOat2 mediated the transport of theophylline and erythromycin. The finding indicates that the two compounds are novel substrates for hOat2. The apparent Km values for the uptake of hOat2 that mediated the transport of theophylline and erythromycin were 12.6 μM and 18.5 μM, respectively. The hOat2-mediated uptake of [14C]theophylline and [14C]erythromycin was cis-inhibited by adding erythromycin and theophylline, respectively. Our present findings suggest that hOat2 may, at least in part, be involved in the theophylline-erythromycin interaction in the human liver.

The liver is a central organ for the detoxification and elimination of a wide variety of organic compounds. Several distinct liver-predominant multispecific organic anion transporters such as multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRP1–5[ABCC1–5]) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP1A2[SLCO1A2], 1B1[SLCO1B1], 1B3[SLCO1B3], 2B1[SLCO2B1]), and Oat5[SLC22A10]) have been isolated and well characterized (Cole and Deeley, 1993; Simonson et al., 1994; Allikmets et al., 1996; Ito et al., 1998; Sun et al., 2001; Hagenbuch and Meier, 2004). To date, five different human Oat isoforms (hOat1–5) have been isolated (Sun et al., 2001). Although the role of hOat5 has not been characterized yet, hOat2 is considered to be one of the key molecules in hepatic handling of organic anions because this isoform is highly expressed in the human liver (Sun et al., 2001).

Theophylline, 1,3-dimethylxanthine, has been widely used as a bronchodilatory drug for the treatment of neonatal apnea in premature newborns and patients with chronic obstructive airway disease such as asthma and bronchitis. Theophylline is metabolized by N-demethylation to 1-methylxanthine and 3-methylxanthine and by 8-hydroxylation to 1,3-dimethyluric acid in the liver (Fuhr et al., 1992). It is well known that many drugs increase or decrease the clearance of theophylline, probably by interaction with one or more of the cytochrome P450 species (P450s). It has been reported that theophylline is metabolized by CYP1A2, 1B1, 2E1, and 3A4 (Sarkar et al., 1992; Ha et al., 1995; Rasmussen et al., 1995; Shimada et al., 1997). Since the frequency and severity of toxicity from theophylline increases as serum concentrations exceed 20 μg/ml and efficacy is diminished as levels decline below 10 μg/ml, the administration of a second drug that alters the elimination of theophylline has potential clinical relevance (Jenne et al., 1972; Mangione et al., 1978; Aslaksen et al., 1981).

Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin have been used for treatment of a variety of infections and are often combined with other drug therapies. For example, patients with chronic asthma receiving continuous therapy with theophylline may require short courses of erythromycin for unrelated pyogenic infections. It has been reported that serum theophylline concentrations increased in patients with concomitant administration of erythromycin by inhibiting hepatic P450s (Cummins et al., 1976; Kozak et al., 1977; Pfeifer et al., 1979). However, it is not clear at this time whether such a drug interaction could be mediated by drug transporters. In the present study, therefore, we investigated the possible involvement of hOat2 in the interaction of theophylline with erythromycin.

Materials and Methods

Chemicals. [14C]Theophylline (52 mCi/mmol) and [14C]erythromycin (55 mCi/mmol) were purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO). All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.

Xenopus laevisOocyte Preparation and cRNA Synthesis. Isolation and preparation of Xenopus oocytes was performed as described elsewhere (Kobayashi et al., 2002b). The hOat2 cDNA was linearized with BamHI, and the capped cRNA was transcribed in vitro by T7 RNA polymerase. Defolliculated oocytes were microinjected with 50 ng of in vitro transcribed cRNA under a stereomicroscope using a microdispenser (Drummond Scientific, Broomall, PA) and incubated for 2 days in a modified Barth's solution containing gentamicin (50 μg/ml) at 18°C.

Transport Assays. Uptake experiments of radiolabeled substrates were performed in an ND96 solution (96 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) at room temperature. Oocytes were incubated in an ND96 solution containing radiolabeled substrates for 1 h at room temperature. For the kinetic study, concentration-dependent uptake experiments of [14C]theophylline and [14C]erythromycin via hOat2 were performed with each compound at a final concentration ranging from 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μM, and 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 μM, respectively. The compounds were incubated with oocytes expressing hOat2 for 1 h at room temperature. The uptake was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of an ice-cold ND96 solution, and the oocytes were washed with the same solution at least five times. Counts in control (noninjected) oocytes were subtracted from the counts in cRNA-injected oocytes. The oocytes were solubilized with 250 μl of 10% SDS, and accumulated radioactivity was determined with a liquid scintillation counter. Km indicates the Michaelis-Menten constant (micromolar). We repeated each experiment more than three times to confirm the results.

Inhibition Study. For the inhibition study, oocytes expressing hOat2 were incubated for 1 h in an ND96 solution containing [14C]theophylline (10 μM) or [14C]erythromycin (10 μM) in the presence or absence of inhibitors at a final concentration of 1 mM. Theophylline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and valproate were directly dissolved in an ND96 solution from a stock solution. These stock solutions of the inhibitors were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and diluted to a final concentration as described above. The final concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the assay medium did not exceed 1.0%.

Statistical Analysis. Statistical differences were determined by the unpaired Student's t test. Comparisons of data measuring initial rates of uptake of radiolabeled substrates in the presence and absence of inhibitors were determined by analysis of variance. The values represent the mean ± S.E.M. (p < 0.05).

Results and Discussion

This paper describes a possible involvement of hOat2[SLC22A7]on the interaction of theophylline with erythromycin using a Xenopus oocyte expression system. Theophylline has been widely used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed that orally administered theophylline is almost completely absorbed, and the liver is responsible for biotransformation of about 90% of theophylline (Cornish and Christman, 1957; Cummins et al., 1976; Kozak et al., 1977; Pfeifer et al., 1979). It has been reported that theophylline clearance is potentially modified by many factors, including hepatic microsomal P450-mediated demethylation, xanthine oxidase, or hepatic uptake (Jonkman and Upton, 1984).

On the other hand, the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin was derived from Streptomyces erythreus in 1952. When acute infectious complications arise, macrolides are frequently used, and erythromycin is often chosen in the clinical setting. In addition, erythromycin has a broad spectrum of activity similar to that of penicillin; therefore, this drug can be chosen for the treatment of infections in patients who are allergic to penicillin.

Several reports suggest that macrolide antibiotics may alter theophylline clearance. The interaction between theophylline and erythromycin would clearly be of clinical importance because of its toxicity. The exact mechanism of interference with theophylline disposition by erythromycin is still unclear; it might be explained by inhibition of the 1-demethylation pathway by erythromycin by inhibiting hepatic CYP1A2 and 3A4 and resulting in an increase of the blood concentration of theophylline (Adebayo et al., 1986; Periti et al., 1992). Because the therapeutic range of theophylline is very narrow, changes in theophylline clearance may result in lack of a sufficient bronchodilating effect or in the appearance of a toxic effect.

Oat2 was initially called the novel liver-specific transport protein (NLT) (Simonson et al., 1994). Oat2, as well as OATP/Oatp, is a multispecific organic anion transporter and is highly expressed at the sinusoidal membrane of the liver (Simonson et al., 1994; Sekine et al., 1998). However, as far as we know, it is not clear at this time whether the theophylline-erythromycin interaction can occur via hepatic drug transporters. Therefore, we focused on the role of hOat2 and assumed that hOat2 could transport theophylline and erythromycin.

Using Xenopus oocytes injected with hOat2 cRNA, we first examined the transport of theophylline and erythromycin mediated by hOat2. Since the uptake of [14C]theophylline by uninjected oocytes was equal to that of the oocytes injected with 50 nl of water (data not shown), uninjected oocytes were used as the control instead of water-injected oocytes throughout this study. As shown in Fig. 1, both [14C]theophylline and [14C]erythromycin were significantly transported via hOat2 to about 5.9-fold and 33.3-fold that of the controls, respectively. These compounds are identified for the first time as hOat2 substrates. We have revealed that mouse Oat2 (mOat2) is a multispecific organic anion transporter (Kobayashi et al., 2002b). Therefore, we assumed that mOat2, as well as hOat2, also mediates the transport of theophylline and erythromycin. As expected, both compounds were significantly transported via mOat2 (data not shown). Taken together, previous data indicate that theophylline and erythromycin are conserved substrates of hOat2 and mOat2.

Fig. 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 1.

Uptake of [14C]theophylline and [14C]erythromycin by hOat2-expressing oocytes. After 2 days of incubation, uptake experiments were performed in a solution containing Na+ for 1 h. The uptake rates of radiolabeled compounds ([14C]theophylline, 10 μM; [14C]erythromycin, 10 μM) by the control or hOat2-expressed oocytes were measured. Values are mean ± S.E.M. of 8 to 13 oocyte determinations. The significance between control and hOat2 cRNA-injected oocytes was determined by the unpaired t test (*, p < 0.05). Other experimental conditions and methods are described under Materials and Methods.

To determine the affinity of theophylline and erythromycin with hOat2, based on these findings, concentration dependence of the uptake of [14C]theophylline and [14C]erythromycin via hOat2 was subsequently examined. As shown in Fig. 2, hOat2 mediated the transport of [14C]theophylline, and [14C]erythromycin showed saturable kinetics and followed the Michaelis-Menten equation. Eadie-Hofstee plots of the concentration dependence of theophylline and erythromycin uptake after subtraction of the uptake by noninjected oocytes revealed that the estimated Km values are 12.6 μM and 18.5 μM, respectively. Thus, the affinities of both compounds with hOat2 are very similar. These results indicate that theophylline and erythromycin are transported via hOat2.

Fig. 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 2.

Concentration dependence of hOat2-mediated uptake of [14C]theophylline (A) and [14C]erythromycin (B). The uptake rates of theophylline and erythromycin by control or hOat2-expressing oocytes for 1 h were measured at variable concentrations. hOat2-mediated transport was determined by subtracting the transport velocity in control oocytes from that in hOat2-expressing oocytes. v/s, velocity per concentration of substrates. Values are mean ± S.E.M. of 5 to 11 oocyte determinations. Other experimental conditions and methods are described under Materials and Methods.

The therapeutic range of plasma concentration and unbound fraction of theophylline were reported to be 55 to 110 μM and 40 to 60%, respectively (Tenenbein, 1989). Therefore, the steady-state concentration of unbound theophylline in the plasma is estimated to be approximately 41.3 μM. In addition, the maximum plasma concentration and unbound fraction of erythromycin were reported to be 4.8 μM and 84%, respectively (Periti et al., 1989); the steady-state concentration of unbound erythromycin in the plasma is estimated to be approximately 4.0 μM. Comparing the plasma concentration and our kinetic data, hOat2 may be a responsible molecule for the transport of theophylline and the interaction of theophylline with erythromycin in the human liver.

To confirm hOat2 involvement in the theophylline-erythromycin drug interaction, cis-inhibitions of hOat2-mediated drug uptake experiments were performed. The results are shown in Fig. 3. The hOat2-mediated transport of [14C]theophylline was strongly inhibited by erythromycin and slightly inhibited by clarithromycin. No inhibitory effect was observed by valproate. Similarly, transport of [14C]erythromycin via hOat2 was inhibited by unlabeled theophylline, but not by clarithromycin and valproate. Although some reports were unable to confirm any significant effects of theophylline-erythromycin drug interaction (Kelly et al., 1981; Melethil et al., 1982), our present findings, together with the membrane localization, suggest that theophylline-erythromycin drug interaction may occur at the sinusoidal membrane of the liver by inhibiting hOat2-mediated transport.

Fig. 3.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Fig. 3.

Inhibition of hOat2-mediated [14C]theophylline uptake by various organic compounds. The uptake rates of 10 μM [14C]theophylline (upper panel) and 10 μM [14C]erythromycin (lower panel) by hOat2-expressing oocytes or noninjected oocytes were determined in the absence or presence of 1 mM inhibitors (theophylline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and valproate). Values are mean ± S.E.M. of 9 to 13 oocyte determinations. The values were expressed as a percentage of [14C]theophylline or [14C]erythromycin uptake. Statistical differences were evaluated using analysis of variance (★, p < 0.05).

Regarding the interaction between theophylline and clarithromycin, von Rosensteli and Adam (1995) have reported that there is a slight increase in serum concentration of theophylline AUC and a 16.4% decrease in theophylline clearance with concurrent administration of both drugs. Supportive evidence has been reported by Gillum et al. (1996). Taking their reports (von Rosensteli and Adam, 1995; Gillum et al., 1996) and our inhibition experiment into consideration, theophylline-clarithromycin interaction would be rare, or if it occurred, such interaction may not be mediated by hOat2. Further study is required.

The expression of Oat isoforms (Oat1–Oat3) exhibits a sex difference in rats and mice (Buist et al., 2002; Kobayashi et al., 2002a,b; Buist and Klaassen, 2004). Rat Oat2 in the liver is expressed at a higher level in male rats than in females (Buist et al., 2002; Kobayashi et al., 2002a), whereas mOat2 mRNA of the liver is detected predominantly in females rather than in males (Kobayashi et al., 2002b). Recently, Buist and Klaassen (2004) have extensively investigated the theory that there is no sex-related differential gene expression of mOat2 in the liver using branched DNA analysis. Although there are no reports concerning the gender-related differential expression of hOat2 mRNA in the liver of men and women, Nafziger and Bertino (1989) have reported that theophylline is cleared significantly higher in women than in men, suggesting that such sex-dependent theophylline clearance might be caused by the differential gene expression of hOat2 between men and women. In this respect, additional study is needed.

In conclusion, our paper is the first report concerning the possible involvement of hOat2 on theophylline-erythromycin interaction. Our present findings, therefore, indicate that hOat2 may, at least partly, be involved in the interaction of theophylline with erythromycin at the sinusoidal membrane of the human liver. It would be interesting to elucidate whether other transporters such as OATP1B1, 1B3, and 2B1 (Kool et al., 1999; Hagenbuch and Meier, 2004) are also involved in the theophylline-erythromycin interaction.

Footnotes

  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.

  • doi:10.1124/dmd.104.003301.

  • ABBREVIATIONS: OATP/oatp, organic anion-transporting polypeptide; Oat, organic anion transporter; hOat, human Oat; mOat, mouse Oat; P450, cytochrome P450.

    • Received December 13, 2004.
    • Accepted February 9, 2005.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

References

  1. ↵
    Adebayo G, Adewumi MO, and Mabadeje AFB (1986) Time-dependent inhibition of theophylline elimination by erythromycin stearate. Biopharm Drug Dispos 7: 479–485.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    Allikmets R, Gerrard B, Hutchinson A, and Dean M (1996) Characterization of the human ABC superfamily: isolation and mapping of 21 new genes using the expressed sequence tags database. Hum Mol Genet 5: 1649–1655.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. ↵
    Aslaksen A, Bakke OM, and Vigander T (1981) Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline and aminophylline in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 11: 269–273.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. ↵
    Buist SCN, Cherrington NJ, Choudhuri S, Hartley DP, and Klaassen CD (2002) Gender-specific and developmental influences on the expression of rat organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301: 145–151.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. ↵
    Buist SCN and Klaassen CD (2004) Rat and mouse differences in gender-predominant expression of organic anion transporter (OAT1–3; [SLC22A6–8]) mRNA levels. Drug Metab Dispos 32: 620–625.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. ↵
    Cole SP and Deeley RG (1993) Multidrug resistance-associated protein: sequence correction. Science (Wash DC) 260: 879.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    Cornish JJ and Christman AA (1957) The metabolism of theobromine, theophylline and caffeine in man. J Biol Chem 228: 315–328.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    Cummins LH, Kozak PP, and Gillman SA (1976) Theophylline determinations. Ann Allergy 37: 450–451.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  9. ↵
    Fuhr E, Doehmer J, Battula N, Wolfel C, Kudla C, Keita Y, and Staib AH (1992) Biotransformation of caffeine and theophylline in mammalian cell lines genetically engineered for expression of single cytochrome P450 isoforms. Biochem Pharmacol 43: 225–235.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    Gillum JG, Israel DS, Scott RB, Climo MW, and Polk RE (1996) Effect of combination therapy with ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 1715–1716.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. ↵
    Ha HR, Chen J, Freiburghaus AU, and Follath F (1995) Metabolism of theophylline by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P-450. Br J Clin Pharmacol 39: 321–326.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  12. ↵
    Hagenbuch B and Meier PJ (2004) Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties. Pflueg Arch Eur J Physiol 447: 653–665.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    Ito K, Suzuki H, Hirohashi T, Kume K, Shimizu T, and Sugiyama Y (1998) Functional analysis of a canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter cloned from rat liver. J Biol Chem 273: 1684–1688.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    Jenne JW, Wyze E, Rood FS, and McDonald FM (1972) Pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Application to adjustment of the clinical dose of aminophylline. Clin Pharmacol Ther 13: 351–360.
    OpenUrl
  15. ↵
    Jonkman JHG and Upton RA (1984) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with theophylline. Clin Pharmacokinet 9: 309–334.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  16. ↵
    Kelly SJ, Pingleton SK, Ryan PB, and Melethil S (1981) No effect of erythromycin on plasma theophylline levels. Clin Res 29: 796.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    Kobayashi Y, Hirokawa N, Ohshiro N, Sekine T, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Endou H, and Yamamoto T (2002a) Differential gene expression of organic anion transporters in male and female rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290: 482–487.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Shibusawa A, Sasaki T, Tokuyama S, Sekine T, Endou H, and Yamamoto T (2002b) Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice. Mol Pharmacol 62: 7–14.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    Kool M, van der Linden M, de Haas M, Scheffer GL, de Vree JM, Smith AJ, Jansen G, Peters GJ, Ponne N, Scheper RJ, et al. (1999) MRP3, an organic anion transporter able to transport anti-cancer drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 6914–6919.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. ↵
    Kozak PP, Cummins LH, and Gillman SA (1977) Administration of erythromycin to patient on theophylline. J Allergy Clin Immunol 60: 149–151.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    Mangione A, Imhoff TE, Lee RV, Shum LY, and Jusko WJ (1978) Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in Man. Chest 73: 616–622.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. ↵
    Melethil S, Dutta A, Ryan PB, Pingleton SK, and Kelly SJ (1982) Steady-state urinary excretion of theophylline and its metabolites in the presence of erythromycin. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 35: 341–344.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  23. ↵
    Nafziger AN and Bertino JS Jr (1989) Sex-related differences in theophylline pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37: 97–100.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    Periti P, Mazzei T, Mini E, and Novelli A (1989) Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of the macrolide antibiotic: effects of age and various pathophysiological states (Part I). Clin Pharmacokinet 16: 193–214.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. ↵
    Periti P, Mazzei T, Mini E, and Novelli A (1992) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of macrolides. Clin Pharmacokinet 23: 106–131.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  26. ↵
    Pfeifer HJ, Greenblatt DJ, and Friedman P (1979) Effects of three antibiotics on theophylline kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 36–40.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  27. ↵
    Rasmussen BB, Mäenpää J, Pelkonen O, Loft S, Poulsen HE, Lykkesfeldt J, and Brosen K (1995) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and theophylline metabolism in human liver microsomes: potent inhibition by fluvoxamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 39: 151–159.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  28. ↵
    Sarkar MA, Hunt C, Guzelian PS, and Karnes HT (1992) Characterization of human liver cytochrome P-450 involved in theophylline metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 20: 31–37.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  29. ↵
    Sekine T, Cha SH, Tsuda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, and Endou H (1998) Identification of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 expressed predominantly in the liver. FEBS Lett 429: 179–182.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. ↵
    Shimada T, Gillam EMJ, Sutter TR, Strickland PT, Guengerich FP, and Yamazaki H (1997) Oxidation of xenobiotics by recombinant human cytochrome P450 1B1. Drug Metab Dispos 29: 617–622.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    Simonson GD, Vincent AC, Roberg KJ, Huang Y, and Iwanji V (1994) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel liver-specific transport protein. J Cell Sci 107: 1065–1072.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  32. ↵
    Sun W, Wu RR, va Poelje PD and Erion MD (2001) Isolation of a family of organic anion transporters from human liver and kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283: 417–422.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. ↵
    Tenenbein M (1989) Theophylline toxicity due to drug interaction. J Emerg Med 7: 249–251.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. ↵
    von Rosensteli and Adam D (1995) Macrolide antibacterials. Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Safety 13: 105–122.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 33 (5)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 33, Issue 5
1 May 2005
  • Table of Contents
  • About the Cover
  • Index by author
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for sharing this Drug Metabolism & Disposition article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 2 ON THE INTERACTION OF THEOPHYLLINE WITH ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE HUMAN LIVER
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Drug Metabolism & Disposition
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Drug Metabolism & Disposition.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
OtherShort Communication

POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 2 ON THE INTERACTION OF THEOPHYLLINE WITH ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE HUMAN LIVER

Yasuna Kobayashi, Ryoko Sakai, Naomi Ohshiro, Masayuki Ohbayashi, Noriko Kohyama and Toshinori Yamamoto
Drug Metabolism and Disposition May 1, 2005, 33 (5) 619-622; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.104.003301

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero

Share
OtherShort Communication

POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 2 ON THE INTERACTION OF THEOPHYLLINE WITH ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE HUMAN LIVER

Yasuna Kobayashi, Ryoko Sakai, Naomi Ohshiro, Masayuki Ohbayashi, Noriko Kohyama and Toshinori Yamamoto
Drug Metabolism and Disposition May 1, 2005, 33 (5) 619-622; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.104.003301
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results and Discussion
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • eLetters
  • PDF

Related Articles

Cited By...

More in this TOC Section

  • Preincubation Effects on Inhibition of OCT1 by CsA
  • Carbamazepine Metabolite and Hypersensitivity Reactions
  • SULT4A1 Preserves Mitochondrial Function
Show more Short Communications

Similar Articles

Advertisement
  • Home
  • Alerts
Facebook   Twitter   LinkedIn   RSS

Navigate

  • Current Issue
  • Fast Forward by date
  • Fast Forward by section
  • Latest Articles
  • Archive
  • Search for Articles
  • Feedback
  • ASPET

More Information

  • About DMD
  • Editorial Board
  • Instructions to Authors
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Customized Alerts
  • RSS Feeds
  • Subscriptions
  • Permissions
  • Terms & Conditions of Use

ASPET's Other Journals

  • Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
  • Molecular Pharmacology
  • Pharmacological Reviews
  • Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
ISSN 1521-009X (Online)

Copyright © 2023 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics