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Research ArticleArticle

Absorption and Metabolism of Chlorogenic Acids in Cultured Gastric Epithelial Monolayers

Tracy L. Farrell, Tristan P. Dew, Laure Poquet, Peter Hanson and Gary Williamson
Drug Metabolism and Disposition December 2011, 39 (12) 2338-2346; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.040147
Tracy L. Farrell
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Tristan P. Dew
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Laure Poquet
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Peter Hanson
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Gary Williamson
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Abstract

Gastric absorption of feruloylquinic acid and di-O-caffeoylquinic acid analogs has never been investigated despite their potential contribution to the proposed beneficial health effects leading to reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Using a cultured gastric epithelial model, with an acidic apical pH, the relative permeability coefficients (Papp) and metabolic fate of a series of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) were investigated. Mechanistic studies were performed in the apical to basal direction and demonstrated differential rates of absorption for different CGA subgroups. For the first time, we show intact absorption of feruloylquinic acids and caffeoylquinic acid lactones across the gastric epithelium (Papp ∼ 0.2 cm/s). Transport seemed to be mainly by passive diffusion, because good linearity was observed over the incubation period and test concentrations, and we speculate that a potential carrier-mediated component may be involved in uptake of certain 4-acyl CGA isomers. In contrast, absorption of intact di-O-caffeoylquinic acids was rapid (Papp ∼ 2–10 cm/s) but nonlinear with respect to time and concentration dependence, which was potentially limited by interaction with an efflux transporter and/or pH gradient dependence. For the first time, methylation is shown in gastric mucosa. Furthermore, isoferulic acid, dimethoxycinnamic acid, and ferulic acid were identified as novel gastric metabolites of CGA biotransformation. We propose that the stomach is the first location for the release of hydroxycinnamic acids, which could explain their early detection after coffee consumption.

Footnotes

  • This research was supported by the Nestlé Research Center (Lausanne, Switzerland).

  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.

    doi:10.1124/dmd.111.040147.

  • ↵Embedded Image The online version of this article (available at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org) contains supplemental material.

  • ABBREVIATIONS:

    CGA
    chlorogenic acid
    CQA
    caffeoylquinic acid
    CQAL
    caffeoylquinic acid lactone
    DAD
    diode array detector
    diCQA
    di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
    DQA
    dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acid
    FQA
    feruloylquinic acid
    HBSS
    Hanks' balanced salt solution
    HCA
    hydroxycinnamic acid
    HPLC
    high-performance liquid chromatography
    IS
    internal standard
    log D
    distribution coefficient in 1-octanol/water
    MCT
    monocarboxylic acid transporter
    MS
    mass spectrometer
    MS2
    tandem mass spectrometry
    MTT
    3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
    p-CoQA
    p-coumaroylquinic acid
    Papp
    permeability coefficient
    TEER
    trans-epithelial electrical resistance
    TIC
    total ion count.

  • Received April 18, 2011.
  • Accepted September 21, 2011.
  • Copyright © 2011 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 39 (12)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 39, Issue 12
1 Dec 2011
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Research ArticleArticle

ABSORPTION OF CGAs BY THE GASTRIC EPITHELIUM

Tracy L. Farrell, Tristan P. Dew, Laure Poquet, Peter Hanson and Gary Williamson
Drug Metabolism and Disposition December 1, 2011, 39 (12) 2338-2346; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.040147

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Research ArticleArticle

ABSORPTION OF CGAs BY THE GASTRIC EPITHELIUM

Tracy L. Farrell, Tristan P. Dew, Laure Poquet, Peter Hanson and Gary Williamson
Drug Metabolism and Disposition December 1, 2011, 39 (12) 2338-2346; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.040147
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