Abstract

Isoflurane is an inhaled halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic commonly used for animal research. In our quest to develop a method for measuring bile acid transport in live animals using ¹⁹F magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, it occurred to us that isoflurane, which contains five fluorines per molecule and is probably widely distributed, would provide an excellent test drug to evaluate the merits of this approach. Experiments in 20- to 28-g male C57BL/6 mice were performed using a horizontal bore scanner with a 30-mm ¹⁹F/¹H dual-tuned surface coil used to transmit and receive radiofrequency signals at 300.28 MHz for ¹H and 282.55 MHz for ¹⁹F nuclei. Proton MR imaging was used to identify the mouse gallbladder in vivo, which was verified by anatomical dissection. Subsequent experiments in mice inhaling 1.5% isoflurane for 1 to 2 h revealed robust ¹⁹F signals from the gallbladder, verified by overlying ¹H and ¹⁹F signals. No ¹⁹F signal was detected in mice anesthetized with nonhalogenated anesthetics. The presence of isoflurane in gallbladder bile of isoflurane-treated mice was verified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gallbladder bile isoflurane content ranged from 3.2 to 4.7 μg. The data presented here provide proof of concept that this novel approach can be used for in vivo measurement of biliary excretion of both existing and novel ¹⁹F-labeled drugs.