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Research ArticleArticle

From Single Compounds to Herbal Extract: A Strategy to Systematically Characterize the Metabolites of Licorice in Rats

Cheng Xiang, Xue Qiao, Qing Wang, Rui Li, Wenjuan Miao, Dean Guo and Min Ye
Drug Metabolism and Disposition September 2011, 39 (9) 1597-1608; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.038695
Cheng Xiang
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Xue Qiao
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Qing Wang
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Rui Li
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Wenjuan Miao
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Dean Guo
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Min Ye
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Abstract

Because of the complicated chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), their metabolic study has been a great challenge, especially when they are used in the traditional way, i.e., clinical oral dose of water decoction. Poor understanding of metabolic pathways and too low metabolite concentrations to be detected in biosamples are the major hurdles. In the present work, a three-step strategy was proposed to systematically characterize in vivo metabolites of TCMs at a normal clinical dosage. Licorice, one of the most popular TCMs, was studied as a model. First, 10 representative compounds of licorice were administered to rats separately. A total of 68 metabolites were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography (LC)/quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, together with enzyme hydrolysis. Among these, 13 compounds were confirmed by comparison with reference standards, including the 10 administered licorice compounds. Second, a high dose (equivalent to 20-fold clinical dosage) of licorice water extract was administered, and 22 more metabolites were characterized. Finally, these metabolites (including constituents of licorice) were determined by a highly sensitive and selective LC/selected reaction monitoring-MS method when the licorice water decoction was orally administered to rats at a clinical dosage (0.9 g crude drug/kg). A total of 42 metabolites in plasma and 62 metabolites in urine were detected. This is the first attempt to fully profile the in vivo metabolites of licorice at a normal clinical dosage.

Footnotes

  • This work was supported by the 985 Project of Peking University [Grant 985-2-119-121]; and the National Science and Technology Mega Project for Primary Drug Innovation from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China [Grant 2009ZX09304-002].

  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.

    doi:10.1124/dmd.111.038695.

  • ↵Embedded Image The online version of this article (available at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org) contains supplemental material.

  • ABBREVIATIONS:

    TCM
    traditional Chinese medicine
    LC
    liquid chromatography
    MS
    mass spectrometry
    SRM
    selected reaction monitoring
    LWE
    licorice water extract
    HPLC
    high-performance liquid chromatography
    LG
    liquiritigenin
    LQ
    liquiritin
    LA
    liquiritin apioside
    ILG
    isoliquiritigenin
    ILQ
    isoliquiritin
    ILA
    isoliquiritin apioside
    ONO
    ononin
    GLY
    glycyrrhizic acid
    DHF
    7,4′-dihydroxyflavone
    IAA
    isoangustone A
    FOR
    formononetin
    DA
    davidigenin
    HPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn
    high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
    qTOF-MS
    quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    LCD
    licorice compounds database
    MS/MS
    tandem mass spectrometry
    GluA
    glucuronic acid.

  • Received February 12, 2011.
  • Accepted June 6, 2011.
  • Copyright © 2011 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 39 (9)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 39, Issue 9
1 Sep 2011
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Research ArticleArticle

From Single Compounds to Herbal Extract: A Strategy to Systematically Characterize the Metabolites of Licorice in Rats

Cheng Xiang, Xue Qiao, Qing Wang, Rui Li, Wenjuan Miao, Dean Guo and Min Ye
Drug Metabolism and Disposition September 1, 2011, 39 (9) 1597-1608; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.038695

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Research ArticleArticle

From Single Compounds to Herbal Extract: A Strategy to Systematically Characterize the Metabolites of Licorice in Rats

Cheng Xiang, Xue Qiao, Qing Wang, Rui Li, Wenjuan Miao, Dean Guo and Min Ye
Drug Metabolism and Disposition September 1, 2011, 39 (9) 1597-1608; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.038695
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