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Research ArticleArticle

Assessment of Exposure of Metabolites in Preclinical Species and Humans at Steady State from the Single-Dose Radiolabeled Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Studies: A Case Study

Chandra Prakash, Zhaoyang Li, Cesare Orlandi and Lewis Klunk
Drug Metabolism and Disposition July 2012, 40 (7) 1308-1320; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.044933
Chandra Prakash
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Zhaoyang Li
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Cesare Orlandi
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Lewis Klunk
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Abstract

The exposure of a drug candidate and its metabolites in humans and preclinical species during drug development needs to be determined to ensure that the safety of drug-related components in humans is adequately assessed in the standard toxicology studies. The in vivo radiolabeled studies in preclinical species and human volunteers provide the total fate of the drug-derived radioactivity including the relative abundance of metabolites. Here, we describe how the single-dose radiolabeled human studies could provide the exposure of circulating metabolites at steady state using a case study of an extensively metabolized drug, lixivaptan. After an oral dose of [14C]lixivaptan to humans, a total of nine metabolites were detected in the systemic circulation; eight of them exceeded 10% of the parent exposure (2–41% of total radioactivity). The plasma samples were profiled for all subjects at each time point by high-performance liquid chromatography, and metabolites were quantified using a radioactive detector. On the basis of single-dose area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values, exposure of six human metabolites was greater at least in one preclinical species used in toxicology evaluation. On the basis of the t1/2 of lixivaptan and two major metabolites from a single dose in humans, their AUC and Cmax values were simulated at the steady state. The simulated exposure (Cmax and AUC) values of parent drug and the two most abundant metabolites were similar to those from a 7-day clinical study obtained using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay, suggesting that a well designed single-dose radiolabeled human study can help in addressing the metabolites in safety testing-related issues.

Footnotes

  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.044933.

  • ABBREVIATIONS:

    NME
    new chemical entity
    MIST
    metabolites in safety testing
    MS
    mass spectrometry
    AUC
    area under the concentration-time curve
    HPLC
    high-performance liquid chromatography
    BDC
    bile duct-cannulated
    LC
    liquid chromatography
    MS/MS
    tandem mass spectrometry
    PK
    pharmacokinetic
    ADME
    absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    AME
    absorption, metabolism, and excretion.

  • Received February 6, 2012.
  • Accepted April 3, 2012.
  • Copyright © 2012 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 40 (7)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 40, Issue 7
1 Jul 2012
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Research ArticleArticle

ASSESSMENT OF METABOLITE EXPOSURE AT STEADY STATE

Chandra Prakash, Zhaoyang Li, Cesare Orlandi and Lewis Klunk
Drug Metabolism and Disposition July 1, 2012, 40 (7) 1308-1320; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.044933

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Research ArticleArticle

ASSESSMENT OF METABOLITE EXPOSURE AT STEADY STATE

Chandra Prakash, Zhaoyang Li, Cesare Orlandi and Lewis Klunk
Drug Metabolism and Disposition July 1, 2012, 40 (7) 1308-1320; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.044933
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