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Research ArticleArticle

Characterization of SAGE Mdr1a (P-gp), Bcrp, and Mrp2 Knockout Rats Using Loperamide, Paclitaxel, Sulfasalazine, and Carboxydichlorofluorescein Pharmacokinetics

Maciej J. Zamek-Gliszczynski, David W. Bedwell, Jing Q. Bao and J. William Higgins
Drug Metabolism and Disposition September 2012, 40 (9) 1825-1833; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.046508
Maciej J. Zamek-Gliszczynski
Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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David W. Bedwell
Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Jing Q. Bao
Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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J. William Higgins
Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abstract

Transporter gene knockout rats are practically advantageous over murine models for pharmacokinetic and excretion studies, but their phenotypic characterization is lacking. At present, relevant aspects of pharmacokinetics, metabolism, distribution, and excretion of transporter probes [P-glycoprotein (P-gp): loperamide and paclitaxel; breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp): sulfasalazine; and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2): carboxydichlorofluorescein] were studied systematically across SAGE P-gp, Bcrp, and Mrp2 knockout rats. In Mdr1a knockout rats, loperamide and paclitaxel oral bioavailability was 2- and 4-fold increased, respectively, whereas clearance was significantly reduced (40–42%), consistent with the expected 10- to 20-fold reduction in paclitaxel excretion. N-Desmethyl-loperamide pharmacokinetics were not altered in any of the three knockouts after oral loperamide. In rats lacking P-gp, paclitaxel brain partitioning was significantly increased (4-fold). This finding is consistent with observations of loperamide central nervous system opioid pharmacology in Mdr1a knockout rats. Sulfasalazine oral bioavailability was markedly increased 21-fold in Bcrp knockouts and, as expected, was also 2- to 3-fold higher in P-gp and Mrp2 knockout rats. The sulfapyridine metabolite/parent ratio was decreased 10-fold in rats lacking Bcrp after oral, but not intravenous, sulfasalazine administration. Carboxydichlorofluorescein biliary excretion was obliterated in Mrp2 knockout rats, resulting in 25% decreased systemic clearance and 35% increased half-life. In contrast, carboxydichlorofluorescein renal clearance was not impaired in the absence of Mrp2, Bcrp, or P-gp. In conclusion, SAGE Mdr1a, Bcrp, and Mrp2 knockout rats generally demonstrated the expected phenotypes with respect to alterations in pharmacokinetics of relevant probe substrates; therefore, these knockout rats can be used as an alternative to murine models whenever a larger species is practically advantageous or more relevant to the drug discovery/development program.

Footnotes

  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.

    http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.046508.

  • ABBREVIATIONS:

    P-gp
    P-glycoprotein
    Mdr
    multidrug resistance
    CNS
    central nervous system
    Bcrp
    breast cancer resistance protein
    Mrp
    multidrug resistance-associated protein
    LC
    liquid chromatography
    MS/MS
    tandem mass spectrometry
    Oatp/OATP
    organic anion-transporting polypeptide.

  • Received April 27, 2012.
  • Accepted June 18, 2012.
  • Copyright © 2012 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 40 (9)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 40, Issue 9
1 Sep 2012
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Research ArticleArticle

PK CHARACTERIZATION OF P-gp, Bcrp, AND Mrp2 KNOCKOUT RATS

Maciej J. Zamek-Gliszczynski, David W. Bedwell, Jing Q. Bao and J. William Higgins
Drug Metabolism and Disposition September 1, 2012, 40 (9) 1825-1833; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.046508

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Research ArticleArticle

PK CHARACTERIZATION OF P-gp, Bcrp, AND Mrp2 KNOCKOUT RATS

Maciej J. Zamek-Gliszczynski, David W. Bedwell, Jing Q. Bao and J. William Higgins
Drug Metabolism and Disposition September 1, 2012, 40 (9) 1825-1833; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.112.046508
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