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Research ArticleArticle

Milk Thistle’s Active Components Silybin and Isosilybin: Novel Inhibitors of PXR-Mediated CYP3A4 Induction

Kim D. Mooiman, Roel F. Maas-Bakker, Ed E. Moret, Jos H. Beijnen, Jan H. M. Schellens and Irma Meijerman
Drug Metabolism and Disposition August 2013, 41 (8) 1494-1504; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.113.050971
Kim D. Mooiman
Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology (K.D.M., R.F.M., J.H.B., J.H.M.S.), Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (E.E.M.), and Pharmacology (I.M.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.B.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.S.)
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Roel F. Maas-Bakker
Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology (K.D.M., R.F.M., J.H.B., J.H.M.S.), Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (E.E.M.), and Pharmacology (I.M.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.B.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.S.)
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Ed E. Moret
Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology (K.D.M., R.F.M., J.H.B., J.H.M.S.), Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (E.E.M.), and Pharmacology (I.M.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.B.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.S.)
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Jos H. Beijnen
Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology (K.D.M., R.F.M., J.H.B., J.H.M.S.), Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (E.E.M.), and Pharmacology (I.M.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.B.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.S.)
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Jan H. M. Schellens
Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology (K.D.M., R.F.M., J.H.B., J.H.M.S.), Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (E.E.M.), and Pharmacology (I.M.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.B.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.S.)
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Irma Meijerman
Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology (K.D.M., R.F.M., J.H.B., J.H.M.S.), Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (E.E.M.), and Pharmacology (I.M.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.B.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.S.)
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Abstract

Because cancer is often treated with combination therapy, unexpected pharmacological effects can occur because of drug–drug interactions. Several drugs are able to cause upregulation or downregulation of drug transporters or cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4. Induction of CYP3A4 may result in decreased plasma levels and therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. Since the pregnane X receptor (PXR) is one of the major transcriptional regulators of CYP3A4, PXR antagonists can possibly prevent CYP3A4 induction. Currently, a limited number of PXR antagonists are available. Some of these antagonists, such as sulphoraphane and coumestrol, belong to the so-called complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). Therefore, the aim was to determine the potential of selected CAM (β-carotene, Echinacea purpurea, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, milk thistle, saw palmetto, valerian, St. John's Wort, and vitamins B6, B12, and C) to inhibit PXR-mediated CYP3A4 induction at the transcriptional level, using a reporter gene assay and a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in LS180 colon adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, computational molecular docking and a LanthaScreen time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) PXR competitive binding assay were performed to explore whether the inhibiting CAM components interact with PXR. The results demonstrated that milk thistle is a strong inhibitor of PXR-mediated CYP3A4 induction. The components of milk thistle responsible for this effect were identified as silybin and isosilybin. Furthermore, computational molecular docking revealed a strong interaction between both silybin and isosilybin and PXR, which was confirmed in the TR-FRET PXR assay. In conclusion, silybin and isosilybin might be suitable candidates to design potent PXR antagonists to prevent drug–drug interactions via CYP3A4 in cancer patients.

Footnotes

    • Received January 11, 2013.
    • Accepted May 14, 2013.
  • This research was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [Grant UU 2007-3795].

  • dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.113.050971.

  • Copyright © 2013 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 41 (8)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 41, Issue 8
1 Aug 2013
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Research ArticleArticle

Silybin and Isosilybin as Novel PXR Antagonists

Kim D. Mooiman, Roel F. Maas-Bakker, Ed E. Moret, Jos H. Beijnen, Jan H. M. Schellens and Irma Meijerman
Drug Metabolism and Disposition August 1, 2013, 41 (8) 1494-1504; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.113.050971

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Research ArticleArticle

Silybin and Isosilybin as Novel PXR Antagonists

Kim D. Mooiman, Roel F. Maas-Bakker, Ed E. Moret, Jos H. Beijnen, Jan H. M. Schellens and Irma Meijerman
Drug Metabolism and Disposition August 1, 2013, 41 (8) 1494-1504; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.113.050971
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