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Research ArticleSpecial Section on Drug Metabolism in the Microbiome—Minireview

Review: Mechanisms of How the Intestinal Microbiota Alters the Effects of Drugs and Bile Acids

Curtis D. Klaassen and Julia Yue Cui
Drug Metabolism and Disposition October 2015, 43 (10) 1505-1521; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.065698
Curtis D. Klaassen
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Julia Yue Cui
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 43 (10)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 43, Issue 10
1 Oct 2015
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Research ArticleSpecial Section on Drug Metabolism in the Microbiome—Minireview

Intestinal Bacteria and Drug Metabolism

Curtis D. Klaassen and Julia Yue Cui
Drug Metabolism and Disposition October 1, 2015, 43 (10) 1505-1521; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.065698

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Research ArticleSpecial Section on Drug Metabolism in the Microbiome—Minireview

Intestinal Bacteria and Drug Metabolism

Curtis D. Klaassen and Julia Yue Cui
Drug Metabolism and Disposition October 1, 2015, 43 (10) 1505-1521; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.065698
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Intestinal Microbiota Delivers Drug to the Large Intestine
    • Intestinal Microbiota Decreases Drug Available for Absorption but Altered by Dietary Intervention
    • Intestinal Microbiota Decreases Absorption of Drug by Metabolizing and Possibly Binding the Drug
    • Intestinal Microbiota Increases Availability of Drug because Microbiota Produce a Chemical that Competes with Drug for Detoxification by the Host
    • Intestinal Microbiota Biotransform Common Food Constituents
    • Intestinal Microbiota Biotransform Tryptophan into Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists that Stimulate the Immune System to Maintain a Healthy Intestine
    • Intestinal Microbiota Biotransforms Food Constituents into Chemicals that Promote Cardiovascular Disease
    • Intestinal Microbiota Forms a Drug Metabolite that Inactivates a Host Enzyme that Biotransforms a Second Drug
    • Intestinal Microbiota Responsible for Intestinal Toxicity of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drug
    • Intestinal Microbiota Increases the Duration of Drug Action and Increases Drug Toxicity
    • Intestinal Microbiota Responsible for Drug-Induced Intestinal Toxicity
    • Intestinal Microbiota Decreases and Increases the Mutagenicity of Food-Pyrolysis Products
    • Intestinal Microbiota Metabolizes Substrate that Cocrystalizes with the Substrate and Precipitates in Kidney Tubules to Produce Toxicity
    • Intestinal Microbiota Metabolizes Drug to a Teratogen
    • Intestinal Microbiota Converts Prodrug to an Active Drug
    • Intestinal Microbiota Biotransforms Additional Drugs and Xenobiotics
    • Intestinal Microbiota Affects Host Drug Metabolism
    • Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota
    • Intestinal Microbiota and Obesity
    • Prebiotics and Probiotics Alter the Intestinal Microbiota
    • Bile Acids and the Intestinal Microbiota
    • Bile Acids Regulate the Intestinal Microbiota
    • Bile Acids as Signaling Molecules
    • Bile Acids, Intestinal Microbiota, and Metabolic Syndrome
    • Effect of a Chemical on Intestinal Microbiota, Bile Acids, and Metabolic Syndrome
    • Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Intestinal Microbiota
    • Summary and Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • Authorship Contributions
    • Footnotes
    • Abbreviations
    • References
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