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Drug Metabolism & Disposition

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Research ArticleSpecial Section on Drug Metabolism and the Microbiome—Minireview

Indole and Tryptophan Metabolism: Endogenous and Dietary Routes to Ah Receptor Activation

Troy D. Hubbard, Iain A. Murray and Gary H. Perdew
Drug Metabolism and Disposition October 2015, 43 (10) 1522-1535; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.064246
Troy D. Hubbard
Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (T.D.H.), and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (T.D.H., I.A.M., G.H.P)., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Iain A. Murray
Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (T.D.H.), and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (T.D.H., I.A.M., G.H.P)., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Gary H. Perdew
Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology (T.D.H.), and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis and the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (T.D.H., I.A.M., G.H.P)., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Abstract

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor recognized for its role in xenobiotic metabolism. The physiologic function of AHR has expanded to include roles in immune regulation, organogenesis, mucosal barrier function, and the cell cycle. These functions are likely dependent upon ligand-mediated activation of the receptor. High-affinity ligands of AHR have been classically defined as xenobiotics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. Identification of endogenous AHR ligands is key to understanding the physiologic functions of this enigmatic receptor. Metabolic pathways targeting the amino acid tryptophan and indole can lead to a myriad of metabolites, some of which are AHR ligands. Many of these ligands exhibit species selective preferential binding to AHR. The discovery of specific tryptophan metabolites as AHR ligands may provide insight concerning where AHR is activated in an organism, such as at the site of inflammation and within the intestinal tract.

Footnotes

    • Received March 10, 2015.
    • Accepted June 2, 2015.
  • This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [Grants ES004869, ES019964 (to G.H.P.)].

  • dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.064246.

  • Copyright © 2015 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 43 (10)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 43, Issue 10
1 Oct 2015
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Research ArticleSpecial Section on Drug Metabolism and the Microbiome—Minireview

Indole and Tryptophan Derived Endogenous AHR Ligands

Troy D. Hubbard, Iain A. Murray and Gary H. Perdew
Drug Metabolism and Disposition October 1, 2015, 43 (10) 1522-1535; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.064246

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Research ArticleSpecial Section on Drug Metabolism and the Microbiome—Minireview

Indole and Tryptophan Derived Endogenous AHR Ligands

Troy D. Hubbard, Iain A. Murray and Gary H. Perdew
Drug Metabolism and Disposition October 1, 2015, 43 (10) 1522-1535; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.064246
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • The Physiologic Significance of AHR
    • The Case for Endogenous AHR Ligands
    • Search for Endogenous Ligands
    • Dietary Exposure to Indole-3-Carbinol
    • Microbiota-Derived AHR Ligands
    • Host Metabolism of Indoles
    • Host Metabolism of Tryptophan
    • Photo-Oxidation of Tryptophan
    • Human versus Mouse AHR Ligand Selectivity
    • Possible Mechanism of AHR Activation by Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds
    • Summary
    • Acknowledgments
    • Authorship Contributions
    • Footnotes
    • Abbreviations
    • References
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  • Host–Gut Microbiota Modulation of Therapeutic Outcome
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