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Research ArticleArticle

Transport-Metabolism Interplay of Atazanavir in Rat Hepatocytes

Johan Nicolaï, Tom De Bruyn, Louise Thevelin, Patrick Augustijns and Pieter Annaert
Drug Metabolism and Disposition March 2016, 44 (3) 389-397; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.068114
Johan Nicolaï
Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Tom De Bruyn
Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Louise Thevelin
Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Patrick Augustijns
Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Pieter Annaert
Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms governing the intra- to extracellular unbound concentration ratio (Kpu,u) for the HIV protease inhibitor atazanavir (ATV) in rat hepatocytes. We had previously proposed a new method to determine Kpu,u by using the unbound Km values from metabolism studies with suspended rat hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes. Following that method, we determined that the value of ATV Kpu,u was 0.32, indicating that ATV hepatocellular clearance is uptake rate–limited. This hypothesis was supported by the linear correlation between Kpu,u and active uptake clearance (P = 0.04; R2=0.82) in the presence of increasing concentrations of the uptake transport inhibitor losartan. Moreover, in contrast to an expected increase of Kpu,u upon inhibition of ATV metabolism, a decrease of Kpu,u was observed, suggesting an increased impact of sinusoidal efflux. In summary, involvement of active uptake transport does not guarantee high intracellular accumulation; however, it has a key role in regulating intracellular drug concentrations and drug metabolism. These findings will help improve future in vitro–to–in vivo extrapolations and likewise physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.

Footnotes

    • Received October 27, 2015.
    • Accepted December 23, 2015.
  • This study was partially supported by a PhD scholarship awarded to Johan Nicolaï by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology [Agentschap voor innovatie door wetenschap en technologie (IWT), Flanders, Belgium, project number 111193], by the Scientific Research Network of the Research Foundation [FWO, Flanders, Belgium, grant number G.0662.09N], and by internal funds of the Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences.

  • dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.068114.

  • ↵Embedded ImageThis article has supplemental material available at dmd.aspetjournals.org.

  • Copyright © 2016 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 44 (3)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 44, Issue 3
1 Mar 2016
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Research ArticleArticle

Transport-Metabolism Interplay of Atazanavir

Johan Nicolaï, Tom De Bruyn, Louise Thevelin, Patrick Augustijns and Pieter Annaert
Drug Metabolism and Disposition March 1, 2016, 44 (3) 389-397; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.068114

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Research ArticleArticle

Transport-Metabolism Interplay of Atazanavir

Johan Nicolaï, Tom De Bruyn, Louise Thevelin, Patrick Augustijns and Pieter Annaert
Drug Metabolism and Disposition March 1, 2016, 44 (3) 389-397; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.115.068114
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