Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Concentration–time profiles of fexofenadine in plasma. Rats, treated previously with garlic (120 mg/kg), ginkgo (17 mg/kg), and SJW (1000 mg/kg) for 14 days, received a bolus i.v. dose of 10 mg/kg fexofenadine. Each data point represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6).
- Fig. 2.
Concentration–time profiles of fexofenadine in plasma. Rats, treated previously with garlic (120 mg/kg), ginkgo (17 mg/kg), and SJW (1000 mg/kg) for 14 days, received an oral dose of 100 mg/kg fexofenadine. Each data point represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5).
- Fig. 3.
Concentration–time profiles of fexofenadine in outflowing perfusate. Livers from rats, treated previously with garlic (120 mg/kg), ginkgo (17 mg/kg), or SJW (1000 mg/kg) for 14 days, were isolated and perfused with fexofenadine at an initial concentration of 2000 ng/mL for 1 hour. Each data point represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 7).
- Fig. 4.
Influence of garlic (120 mg/kg), ginkgo (17 mg/kg), or SJW (1000 mg/kg) administration on the cumulative biliary excretion of fexofenadine over successive intervals up to 60 minutes. Data points represent the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 7). *p < 0.05 versus control group at 60 minutes.
- Fig. 5.
Effect of 14-day administration of garlic (120 mg/kg), ginkgo (17 mg/kg), and SJW (1000 mg/kg) on the expression of intestinal (A) Oatp1a5 and (B) P-gp. The small intestine was divided into four equal segments, with segment I being the most proximal. Samples were prepared from the intestinal mucosa, as described in Materials and Methods. For Oatp1a5 analysis, 100 µg total protein of each segment was loaded onto the gel. For P-gp, 50 µg, 30 µg, 20 µg, and 15 µg were loaded for segments I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Relative expressions were quantified densitometrically and calculated by normalization to the reference bands of β-actin. Data represent mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4–6). *p < 0.05 versus control group.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Pharmacokinetic parameters for fexofenadine in garlic-, ginkgo-, and SJW-treated rats following an i.v. administration of fexofenadine (10 mg/kg); data represent mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6)
Parameter Control Garlic Ginkgo SJW AUC0–∞ (min × µg/mL) 223 ± 14 246 ± 24 219 ± 12 173 ± 12* t1/2 (h) 1.2 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 CL (mL/min) 15.4 ± 1.0 14.4 ± 1.5 15.9 ± 1.0 19.7 ± 1.7* Vss (L/kg) 0.56 ± 0.1 0.44 ± 0.1 0.43 ± 0.1 0.58 ± 0.1 t1/2, half-life; Vss, volume of distribution at steady state.
↵* p < 0.05 versus control group.
- TABLE 2
Fexofenadine pharmacokinetics in garlic-, ginkgo-, and SJW-treated rats following an oral administration of fexofenadine (100 mg/kg); data represent mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5)
Parameter Control Garlic Ginkgo SJW AUC0–∞ (min × µg/mL) 28.8 ± 3.8 42.3 ± 6.2* 29.2 ± 3.8 25.9 ± 3.4 t1/2 (h) 2.4 ± 0.3 2.7 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.7 Cmax (min) 240 ± 49 444 ± 89* 191 ± 51 133 ± 22 Tmax (min) 9 ± 1 8 ± 2 17 ± 5 24 ± 10 F (%) 1.29 ± 0.17 1.72 ± 0.25 1.33 ± 0.17 1.50 ± 0.20 Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; F, bioavailability; t1/2, half-life; Tmax, time to maximum plasma concentration.
↵* p < 0.05 versus control group.
- TABLE 3
Influence of garlic, ginkgo, and SJW administration on the pharmacokinetic parameters of fexofenadine in the isolated perfused rat liver (mean ± S.E.M., n = 7)
Parameter Control SJW Ginkgo Garlic AUC0–60 (min × µg/mL) 37.9 ± 2.8 27.9 ± 2.2 29.2 ± 2.4 33.1 ± 2.0 AUC0–∞ (min × µg/mL) 43.3 ± 2.8 29.9 ± 3.2 31.6 ± 3.3 36.9 ± 2.9 CL (mL/min) 11.9 ± 0.86 17.6 ± 1.37* 16.8 ± 1.58* 1 13.8 ± 0.77 Ae0–60 (µg) 95 ± 3 234 ± 12* 157 ± 18* 141 ± 15* CLb,p (mL/min) 2.61 ± 0.25 8.71 ± 0.82* 5.76 ± 0.93* 4.46 ± 0.62* CLb,l (mL/min) 0.11 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.06* 0.11 ± 0.03 0 0.11 ± 0.04 B/L 17.3 ± 1.4 22.4 ± 2.7 15.5 ± 2.3 15.6 ± 1.8 L/P 83 ± 5 266 ± 45* 219 ± 32* 150 ± 20* ↵* p < 0.05 versus control group.
