Abstract

Individual variations in xenobiotic metabolism affect the sensitivity to diseases. In this study, the impacts of sex, age, and race/ethnicity on drug-processing genes and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) genes in human livers were examined via QuantiGene multiplex suspension array (226 samples) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (247 samples) to profile the expression of nuclear receptors, cytochrome P450s, conjugation enzymes, transporters, bile acid metabolism, and NRF2-regulated genes. Sex differences were found in expression of about half of the genes, but in general the differences were not large. For example, females had higher transcript levels of catalase, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), superoxide dismutase 1, and thioredoxin reductase-1 compared with males via qPCR. There were no apparent differences due to age, except children had higher glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) and elderly had higher multidrug resistance protein 3. African Americans had lower expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) but higher expression of HO-1, Caucasians had higher expression of organic anion transporter 2, and Hispanics had higher expression of FXR, SULT2A1, small heterodimer partner, and bile salt export pump. An examination of 34 diseased and control human liver samples showed that compared with disease-free livers, fibrotic livers had higher NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), GCLC, GCLM, and NRF2; hepatocellular carcinoma had higher transcript levels of NQO1 and KEAP1; and steatotic livers had lower GCLC, GCLM, and HO-1 expression. In summary, in drug-processing gene and NRF2 genes, sex differences were the major findings, and there were no apparent age differences, and race/ethnicity differences occurred for a few genes. These descriptive findings could add to our understanding of the sex-, age-, and race/ethnicity-dependent differences in drug-processing genes as well as NRF2 genes in normal and diseased human livers.