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Considerations from the Innovation and Quality Induction Working Group in Response to Drug-Drug Interaction Guidance from Regulatory Agencies: Guidelines on Model Fitting and Recommendations on Time Course for In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Induction Studies Including Impact on Drug Interaction Risk Assessment

Simon G. Wong, Diane Ramsden, Shannon Dallas, Conrad Fung, Heidi J. Einolf, Jairam Palamanda, Liangfu Chen, Theunis C. Goosen, Y. Amy Siu, George Zhang, Donald Tweedie, Niresh Hariparsad, Barry Jones and Phillip D. Yates
Drug Metabolism and Disposition January 2021, 49 (1) 94-110; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000055
Simon G. Wong
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Diane Ramsden
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Shannon Dallas
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Conrad Fung
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Heidi J. Einolf
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Jairam Palamanda
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Liangfu Chen
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Theunis C. Goosen
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Y. Amy Siu
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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George Zhang
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Donald Tweedie
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Niresh Hariparsad
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Barry Jones
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Phillip D. Yates
Genentech, South San Francisco, California (S.G.W.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts (D.R.); Janssen R&D, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.D.); Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts (C.F., N.H.); Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey (H.J.E.); GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (L.C.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (T.C.G.); Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (P.D.Y.); Eisai, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Y.A.S.); Corning Life Sciences, Woburn, Massachusetts (G.Z.); Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey (D.T., J.P.); and AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom (B.J.)
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Abstract

Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group Induction Working Group (IWG) presents an analysis on the time course for cytochrome P450 induction in primary human hepatocytes. Induction of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 was evaluated by seven IWG laboratories after incubation with prototypical inducers (omeprazole, phenobarbital, rifampicin, or efavirenz) for 6–72 hours. The effect of incubation duration and model-fitting approaches on induction parameters (Emax and EC50) and drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk assessment was determined. Despite variability in induction response across hepatocyte donors, the following recommendations are proposed: 1) 48 hours should be the primary time point for in vitro assessment of induction based on mRNA level or activity, with no further benefit from 72 hours; 2) when using mRNA, 24-hour incubations provide reliable assessment of induction and DDI risk; 3) if validated using prototypical inducers (>10-fold induction), 12-hour incubations may provide an estimate of induction potential, including characterization as negative if <2-fold induction of mRNA and no concentration dependence; 4) atypical dose-response (“bell-shaped”) curves can be addressed by removing points outside an established confidence interval and %CV; 5) when maximum fold induction is well defined, the choice of nonlinear regression model has limited impact on estimated induction parameters; 6) when the maximum fold induction is not well defined, conservative DDI risk assessment can be obtained using sigmoidal three-parameter fit or constraining logistic three- or four-parameter fits to the maximum observed fold induction; 7) preliminary data suggest initial slope of the fold induction curve can be used to estimate Emax/EC50 and for induction risk assessment.

Significance Statement Regulatory agencies provide inconsistent guidance on the optimum length of time to evaluate cytochrome P450 induction in human hepatocytes, with EMA recommending 72 hours and FDA suggesting 48–72 hours. The Induction Working Group analyzed a large data set generated by seven member companies and determined that induction response and drug-drug risk assessment determined after 48-hour incubations were representative of 72-hour incubations. Additional recommendations are provided on model-fitting techniques for induction parameter estimation and addressing atypical concentration-response curves.

Footnotes

    • Received April 2, 2020.
    • Accepted October 21, 2020.
  • ↵1 Current affiliation: Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California.

  • ↵2 Current affiliation: Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  • ↵3 Current affiliation: SK Life Science Inc, Paramus, New Jersey.

  • ↵4 Current affiliation: AbbVie, Worcester, Massachusetts.

  • ↵5 Current affiliation: DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca. Waltham, Massachusetts.

  • ↵6 Current affiliation: Pharmaron, Rushden, United Kingdom.

  • ↵7 Current affiliation: Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

  • https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000055.

  • ↵Embedded ImageThis article has supplemental material available at dmd.aspetjournals.org.

  • Copyright © 2020 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic
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Drug Metabolism and Disposition: 49 (1)
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Vol. 49, Issue 1
1 Jan 2021
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Research ArticlePerspective

Regulatory Guidance for P450 Induction from IQ: Part 3

Simon G. Wong, Diane Ramsden, Shannon Dallas, Conrad Fung, Heidi J. Einolf, Jairam Palamanda, Liangfu Chen, Theunis C. Goosen, Y. Amy Siu, George Zhang, Donald Tweedie, Niresh Hariparsad, Barry Jones and Phillip D. Yates
Drug Metabolism and Disposition January 1, 2021, 49 (1) 94-110; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000055

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Research ArticlePerspective

Regulatory Guidance for P450 Induction from IQ: Part 3

Simon G. Wong, Diane Ramsden, Shannon Dallas, Conrad Fung, Heidi J. Einolf, Jairam Palamanda, Liangfu Chen, Theunis C. Goosen, Y. Amy Siu, George Zhang, Donald Tweedie, Niresh Hariparsad, Barry Jones and Phillip D. Yates
Drug Metabolism and Disposition January 1, 2021, 49 (1) 94-110; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000055
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