Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the influence of allosteric effectors on the metabolism of the prototypical cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 substrate midazolam (MDZ), and on the determination in vitro time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4 using human liver microsomes (HLM). As the concentration of midazolam increased to 250 µM in HLMs, homotropic cooperativity resulted in a decrease in the 1’-hydroxymidazolam to 4-hydroxymidazolam ratio to a maximum of 1.1. The presence of varying concentrations of testosterone, progesterone (PGS), or carbamazepine (CBZ) in HLMs with MDZ could recapitulate the effect of homotropic cooperativity such that the formation rates of the 1’hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam were equal even at low concentrations of MDZ. The presence of PGS (10 or 100 µM) and CBZ (100 or 1000 µM) in in vitro TDI determination of four known CYP3A4 time-dependent inactivators (clarithromycin, troleandomycin, mibefradil, raloxifene) simultaneously decreased potency and inactivation rate constant, resulting in fold changes in inactivation efficiency on average of 1.6-fold and 13-fold for the low and high concentrations of allosteric modulator tested, respectively. The formation of a metabolic-intermediate complex (MIC) for clarithromycin and troleandomycin decreased in the presence of the allosteric modulators in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching a new steady state formation that could not be overcome with increased incubation time. Maximum reduction of the MIC formed by clarithromycin was up to ∼91%, while troleandomycin MIC decreased up to ∼31%. These findings suggest that the absence of endogenous allosteric modulators may contribute to the poor translation of HLM-based drug–drug interaction predictions.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The reported overprediction of in vitro human liver microsome time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 and observed drug interactions in vivo remains an issue in drug development. We provide characterization of allosteric modulators on the CYP3A4 metabolism of the prototypical substrate midazolam, demonstrating the ability of the modulators to recapitulate the homotropic cooperativity of midazolam. Furthermore, we demonstrate that allosteric heterotropic cooperativity of CYP3A4 can impact the time-dependent inhibition kinetics of known mechanisms-based inhibitors, providing a potential mechanism to explain the overprediction.
Footnotes
- Received May 2, 2023.
- Accepted July 20, 2023.
This work received no external funding.
No author has an actual or perceived conflict of interest with the contents of this article.
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- Copyright © 2023 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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