Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AA) are nephrotoxic and carcinogenic nitroaromatic compounds produced by the Aristolochiaceae family of plants. Ingestion of these phytotoxins by humans results in a syndrome known as AA nephropathy, characterized by renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and upper urothelial cancer. After activation by cellular enzymes, AA I and II react with DNA to form covalent adducts and as such represent potential biomarkers for studies of AA toxicity. Using site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides as standards, we have developed a method for quantifying 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam-DNA or 7-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl) aristolactam-DNA adducts in tissues of Wistar rats using an assay in which 32P-postlabeling techniques are coupled with nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The limit of detection with this technique is five adducts in 109 nucleotides for a 5-μg DNA sample. In contrast to previous reports, we find that the levels of AA adducts in renal tissues of Wistar rats treated p.o. with AA for 1 week with 5 mg/kg/day of AA I or AA II were much higher than that in the forestomach. Highest adduct levels were observed in rats treated with AA II, suggesting that this compound may be more genotoxic than AA I. Treatment of rats with aristolactam I, an end-product of AA I metabolism, resulted in a much lower level of adduction. This study establishes the feasibility of using AA-DNA adducts as intermediate biomarkers of exposure in studies of AA nephropathy and its associated urothelial cancer.
Footnotes
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This research was supported by a Catacosinos Cancer Scholar Award from the School of Medicine, SUNY Stony Brook and Grant ES04068 from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences.
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Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://dmd.aspetjournals.org.
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doi:10.1124/dmd.105.008706.
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ABBREVIATIONS: AA, aristolochic acid(s); AA I, aristolochic acid I; AA II, aristolochic acid II; L I, aristolactam I; dA-AA I, 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam I; dG-AA I, 7-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl) aristolactam I; dA-AA II, 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl) aristolactam II; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight.
- Received November 30, 2005.
- Accepted April 5, 2006.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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